EXERCISE 8 Answer questions about the text.

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1. What is the best way to put more weight on a bit without increasing deviation?

2. What does the placement of a stabilizer depend upon?

3. What are the purposes of a stabilizer?

4. Describe stabilizer’s disadvantages.

5. What was one of the oldest techniques to straighten the hole and what is the disadvantage of this method?

6. What is the proper method to straighten a hole?

EXERCISE 9 Give the English equivalents to the following word combinations.

1. Drilling

2. Formation

3. Stabilizer

4. String

5. The drill collar

6. Sticking, failure

7. The wings, weight

8. To tend

9. The rotary table

10. To sacrifice

11. The straightening

12. Gradually

13. Sharp bend.

EXERCISE 10 Make up sentences out of two parts from the table:

1. For deviation control a single stabilizer …	a) … wall sticking and other problems associated with hole conditions.
2. To some extent the placement …	b) … was to reduce the weight on the bit and speed up the rotary table.
3. The additional stabilizers do help in preventing …	c) … is also dependable on the formation characteristics.
4. Some of the more modern stabilizers …	d) … by reducing bit weight should be done very gradually.
5. One of the oldest techniques for straightening a hole …	e) … is sufficient if it is properly located in the drill string.
6. The straightening of a hole …	f) … have been designed so that the wings do not create a serious hazard in the hole.

EXERCISE 11 Open brackets and use active or passive form of the verb.

1. Horizontal drilling (to be) __________ a type of drilling in which directional well gradually becomes horizontal.

2. Drilling incidents (to include) __________ oil and gas blowouts, breakage and leaving in a well of drill pipe and casing, drilling bits, down hole engines, pipe string sticking, twist-off.

3. Annular preventer (to design) __________ in such a way that it can close annulus around drill pipe, drill collars or completely close an open well.

4. Well blowout can (to define) __________ as uncontrolled flow of formation fluid under pressure, which may damage drilling equipment and injure maintenance personnel.

5. Production surveys (to perform) __________ to determine production rate of an oil or gas well.

EXERCISE 12 Translate into English in written form.

1. Чтобы контролировать отклонения достаточно одного стабилизатора, если он правильно расположен в бурильной колонне.

2. Дополнительные стабилизаторы не помогают сохранить скважину прямой.

3. С использованием стабилизаторов, важно помнить, что стабилизаторы, как правило, самое слабое место в бурильной колонне.

4. Один из старейших методов для выпрямления скважины было снижение нагрузки на долото и ускорение роторного стола.

5. Скважина будет стремиться вернуться в вертикальное положение без резких перегибов

EXERCISE 13 Read and translate the texts.

TEXT 1

BLOWOUT CONTROL

Hydrocarbon accumulations are becoming more and more difficult to find, and oilmen are drilling deeper and deeper in search for them. In some oilfields the pay zones are about four miles deep. At that depth pressures are extremely high, so there is always the risk of a blowout. A well, which blows out is known as a wild well and forms a gusher.

To prevent a well from blowing out, the mud weight is carefully controlled. The most common material for weighting a drilling fluid is ground barite.

If the bit suddenly enters a high-pressure formation, the weight of the mud column may not be great enough to hold back the pressure of the gas, oil or water in the borehole. Then, there will be a kick; and if the BOP rams cannot be closed quickly enough, the well will blow out. The flow must be then brought under control, so that heavy mud can be pumped to the well through the kill line. In the case of a gas-well blowout, it may be necessary first to divert the gas into a flare pit. The gas is set ablaze in the flare pit in order to prevent an explosion.

Logging the well can provide information, which may help to avoid dangerous situations down hole. Before the logging tools can be run in, the hole must be clean. If there are any tight spots, for example, it may be necessary to make a dummy trip before the drill string is pulled out. In a dummy trip the string is hoisted only a quarter or a third of the way up. Then it is run back to bottom again. In this way the bottom-hole assembly can be used to clean up the well and prepare it for logging.

TEXT 2

WELL DRILLING EQUIPMENT

Rotary drilling technology operations require different in functional assignments machines, mechanisms and equipment. A set of required for well drilling machines, mechanisms and equipment having interrelated operational functions and technical parameters is called a drilling complex. Drilling rig is the core unit in the drilling complex.

Drilling rig is a complex of drilling machines, mechanisms and equipment mounted in the drilling site and by means of drilling tools providing for independent implementation of well construction process operations. Modern drilling rigs include the following components: drilling equipment (traveling block, mud pumps, draw works, swivel, rotor, power tongs, etc.); drilling structures (derrick, substructure, catwalk and pipe-racks); equipment for heavy work mechanization (mechanisms for automation of pipe tripping operations, pneumatic slips, automatic spinner, auxiliary hoist, control stations); equipment for preparation, treatment and regeneration of drilling mud (preparation block, shale-shakers, desanders and desilters, tanks for chemicals, water and drilling mud) and other equipment.

EXERCISE 14 Answer questions about the text.

1. Why is there always the risk of a blowout?

2. How do you understand the term “a wild well”?

3. What is ground barite used for?

4. Why is gas set ablaze in the flare pit?

5. What is the bottom-hole assembly used for?

6. What is a drilling complex?

7. What is a drilling rig?

8. What components do modern drilling rigs include?

EXERCISE 15 Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones with the right information and discuss your answers with a partner.

1. Reciprocating is a method to drill a well.

2. The tool used to determine stuck points is called sticking.

3. Blowouts occur during drilling through formations with relatively high pressure exceeding wash fluid pressure.

4. Blowout preventer is a device installed on casing head to prevent potential blowouts from the well.

5. Pipe rams are designed to close space inside tubing.

EXERCISE 16 Connect the terms with their definitions.

1. Blowout	a) a tool placed above the bit along the bottom hole assembly in order to control hole deviation and prevent differential sticking.
2.Blowout preventer	b) change of drilling direction in order to reach target
3.Stabilizer	c) sudden overshoot of oil and gas under pressure from the well that may result in serious damage to equipment, fire, explosion, death and oil spill.
4.Pipe rams	d) a tool placed along the casing joint to limit the movement of centralizes while the casing is run or reciprocated.
5.Well deviation	e) a device for well emergency shut in when there is a danger of oil and gas blowout.
6.Stop-collar	f) a type of BOP rams designed to close annular around drill pipe or tubing.

EXERCISE 17 Make up dialogues on the topics:

1. Straight hole drilling

2. Blowout control

3. Well drilling equipment

CHAPTER V

WELL DESIGN AND WELL HEAD EQUIPMENT

EXERCISE 1 Read and translate the text " Drilling Rig Components".

Drilling Rig Components

Once the equipment is at the site, the rig is set up. Here are the major systems of a land rig:

1. Power system

• Large diesel engines - burn diesel fuel oil to provide the main source power;

• Electrical generators - powered by the diesel engines to provide electrical power;

2. Mechanical system

• Hoisting system - used for lifting heavy loads; consists of a mechanical winch (drawworks) with a large steel cable spool, a block-and-tackle pulley and a receiving storage reel for the cable;

• Turntable - part of the drilling apparatus

3. Rotating equipment

• Swivel - large handle that holds the weight of the drill string; allows the string to rotate and makes a pressure- tight seal on the hole;

• Kelly- four\six-sided pipe that transfer rotary motion to the turntable and drill string;

• Turntable (rotary table) - drives the rotating motion using power from electric motors;

• Drill string - consists of drill pipe (connected sections of about 30ft\10m) and drill collars (large diameter, heavier pipe that fits around the drill pipe and places weight on the drill bit);

• Drill bit - end of the drill that actually cuts the rock;

4. Casing - large-diameter concrete pipe that lines the drill hole; prevents the hole from collapsing and allows drilling mud to circulate

5. Circulation system - pumps drilling mud (mixture of water, clay and weighting material and chemicals; used to lift rock cuttings from the drill bit to the surface) under pressure through the kelly, rotary table drill pipes and drill collars:

• Pump- sucks mud from the mud pits and pumps it to the drilling apparatus;

• Pipes and hoses - connects pump to drilling apparatus;

• Mud-return line - return mud from hole;

• Shale-shaker- shaker\ sieve that separates rock cuttings from the mud;

• Shale slide - conveys cuttings to the reserve pit;

• Reserve pit - collects rock cuttings separated from the mud;

• Mud pits - where drilling mud is mixed and recycled;

• Mud-mixing hopper - where new mud is mixed and then sent to the mud pits

6. Derrick - support structure that holds the drilling apparatus: tall enough to allow new sections of drill pipe to be added to the drilling apparatus as drilling progresses

7. Blowout preventer - high-pressure valves (located under the land rig) that relieve pressure when necessary to prevent a blowout (uncontrolled gush of gas or oil to the surface, often associated with fire).

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