Theme: History of Kazakhstan

Grammar: Sequence of Tenses

Objectives: By the end of this unit, students should be able to use active vocabulary of this theme in different forms of speech exercises.

Students should be better at discussing history of Kazakhstan.

Students should know the rule of Sequence of Tenses.

Methodical instructions: This theme must be worked out during three lessons a week according to timetable.

Lexical material: Introduce and fix new vocabulary on theme “History of Kazakhstan”. Discuss in groups the history of the country. Speak about the most important events of our country.

Grammar: Introduce and practice Sequence of Tenses.

 

Kazakhstan

 

The young sovereign state and its economy have set out on a new course in whiемch the social organism and the whole complex of politi­cal and economic relations are being completely reorganized. The development of democracy, new property-ownership relations, and the steady move towards a market economy are creating favorable condi­tions for the emergence of a strong national state. As reality demands, the society and economy are more and more assuming an open charac­ter. But at the same time it is vital to take into account the traditions and psychology of the people, as well as the negative effects of the totalitarian regime on the mentality and attitudes of the population, which to some extent are nowadays obstacles in the way of change and more rapid progress.

The President of the Republic, Nursultan Nazarbaev, defining the strategy of Kazakhstan's development, said:

‘Fate has decreed that the time of difficult decisions on the radical re-organization of life should fall to our lot. The totalitarian society created over many years by the Communist regime collapsed literally before our eyes, and without any tangible outside pressure. The main reason for this lay in the fact that...from the very beginning in the for­mer USSR, the Soviet people never really felt that they were the true masters of their lives, their property, their country.”

Remembering that the policy of denationalization of the Soviet period brought the Kazakh nation to the brink of catastrophe and extinction, the government is paying serious attention to the revival of the national culture and language, and to the renewal of spir­itual and cultural ties with the Kazakh Diaspora, forced to leave Kazakhstan at various times in the past century.

The multi-party system is the decisive force in the democratic transformation and consolidation of the multinational society. The adoption of such a system will lead to the emergence of new political activists and leaders.

The most important political aims, and the main condition for the realization of economic reforms, are the preservation of stability in the country and the conclusion of military, political and economic alliances that will guarantee the security and the sovereignty of Kazakhstan,

The advantageous geopolitical position of Kazakhstan, facilitating trade and political ties with both Europe and Asia, can be used for linking Europe, the Central Asian part of the former USSR and other parts of Asia.

The country's internal tasks are closely related to the fact that for the first time in its recent history it has real conditions for all-round development, for the rebirth of the Kazakh nation and other national­ities of the republic.

 

Topical vocabulary

1.	to set out	установить
2.	steady market economy	устойчивый экономический рынок
3.	emergence	появление
4.	to assume	предполагать
5.	vital	жизненный
6.	obstacles	препятствия
7.	to define the strategy	определить стратегию
8.	fate	судьба
9.	to decree	издавать
10.	collapse	обвал, разрушение
11.	tangible pressure	ощутимое давление
12.	extinction	вымирание
13.	forced to leave	вынуждены покинуть
14.	decisive force	решающая сила
15.	adoption	принятие
16.	to lead to	привести к...
17.	economic alliances	экономические союзы
18.	trade	торговля
19.	rebirth of	возрождение

 

Ex.1. Read and summarize the text.

 

Ex.2. Suggest the Kazakh equivalents.

The young sovereign state, the whole complex of politi­cal and economic relations, new property-ownership relations, favorable condi­tions for the emergence, to take into account the traditions, as reality demands, rapid progress, the time of difficult decisions, before our eyes, the revival of the national culture and language, guarantee the security, tasks are closely related to the fact.

 

Ex.3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.

1. The young sovereign state and its economy …… …… a new course in which the social organism and the whole complex of politi­cal and economic relations …… reorganized.

2. As reality demands, the society and economy are more and more ……. an open charac­ter.

3. The Soviet people never really …. the true masters of their lives, their property, their country.

4. The government is …… to the revival of the national culture and language, and to the renewal of ……. ties with the Kazakh Diaspora, forced to leave Kazakhstan at …. century.

5. The adoption of such a system will lead to …. of new political activists and leaders.

6. The country's internal tasks are closely related …. that for the first time in its recent history.

 

Ex.4. Translate into English using all the active possible.

1. Молодое суверенное государство и его экономика сейчас находится на новой стадии возрождения. 2. Создание демократии в стране приведет к новому международному сотрудничеству стран. 3. Страна переживает огромные трудности в решении различных жизненных проблем. 4. Никакие препятствия не помешают определить стратегию. 5. После развала СССР они оказались под ощутимым давлением экономических союзов.

Grammar: Sequence of Tenses.

• If the verb in the principal clause is in one of the past tenses, a past tense (or future –in-the-past) must be used in the subordinate clause. The action expressed in the subordinate clause can be simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause, prior or posterior to that of the principal clause.

• Simultaneous Action

I knew that he lived in Kiev (он живет в Киеве)

He said that they were waiting for us (они ждут нас)

I knew that he had been living in Kiev since 1946 (он живет в Киеве с 1946)

He said (that) he had known her for two years (он знает ее 2 года)

 

• Prior Action -

He said that he had already left Astana (он уже уехал из Астаны)

I knew that - it had been raining ( что шел дождь)

He said that she had been ill for two weeks (она болела две недели)

• Future Action

I knew that they would arrive on Sunday (они приедут в воскресенье)

He said that they would be working at 6 (в 6 они будут работать)

I knew that he would have translated the article by Monday

(он уже переведет эту статью к понедельнику)

• Study how the Tenses are changed according

To the rule of the Sequence of Tenses.

Present Indefinite – Past Indefinite

Present Continuous – Past Continuous

Present Perfect – Past Perfect

Past Indefinite – Past Perfect (or stays the same)

Past Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect – (does not change)

6. Time and place changes:

Here - there

This –that

These –those

Now -then, at that moment

Today –that day

Yesterday -the day before/the previous day

A year ago –a year before

Last night –the previous day

The Sequence of Tenses is not observed if the object clause expresses a general truth or something is represented as habitual, customary. The teacher told the children that water boils at 100 C.

Ex. 5. Explain how the rules of the Sequence of Tenses work in this clauses. Translate the sentences.

1. She called my mother to say that they had just got a telegram from Boston announcing that Henry's brother had been married in Germany. 2. I knew she was itching to tell me what had happened. 3. He knew that his mother would think he was seriously ill and would probably speak to the teacher. 4. He wanted to return to the house to see how Billy was doing and tell him that he would be going out to California in 2 or 3 days. 5. Rudy decided that he would have to tell Bogart that it was impossible for him to appear before the board the next day, but that he would offer to do so any other day.

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