The use of articles with names of seasons: winter, spring, summer, autumn

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Names of seasons are used without articles.

e.g. The sun in summer warms the skin but in winter it warms the heart.

The definite article is used when there is a limiting attribute or when the situation makes these nouns definite.

e.g. It happened in the autumn of1944.

The spring was warm and sunny.

The indefinite article is used when there is a descriptive attribute except early and late.

e.g. It was a glorious spring.

But: It was early spring.

Additional information

Articles with names of seasons

Namesof seasons (winter, spring, summer, autumn and AmE fall) are mostly used without any articles though the definite article may be found even in general statements:

In London there are certain afternoons in (the) winter when the clouds hang heavy and low.

In (the) summer I liked to sit on one of those convenient benches on the sea-front.

(The) Winter came and with it snowstorms and severe frosts.

He stayed with them until (the) spring.

" We must get there before (the) winter sets in, " he said.

" I hate (the) autumn, " Jane said.

Note. The definite article is usually used in the prepositional phrase in the fall (AmE).

However, names of seasons are used without any article in the function of a predicative:

It was spring and the air was pleasant.

It was not summer yet, but the sea was already warm.

If names of seasons are modified by limiting attributes or lilnitation is clear from the context or situation, the definite article is used:

It was the autumn of 1942, and most men in London were in military uniforms.

The sea looked like slate, cold still from the long winter.

The definite article is also obligatory after the prepositions during, for, through:

The family moved to the country for the winter.

During the autumn he often came to see me in my office and one day asked me for a job.

" He won't last through the summer, " Cora repeated.

When names of seasons are modified by descriptive attributes they take the indefinite article:

It was a warm summer and the lodging houses were full in Elsom.

It was a rainy autumn.

However, when names of seasons are modified by the adjectives late or early, there is no article:

It was late autumn.

It is early spring.

Закрепление грамматического материала Lesson 15

1. The Future Indefinite Tense (rule 1) – table № 1 p. 214, Ex. II, III p. 216-217, ex. V p. 223, XII (a) p. 224, ex. 124 p. 499 (in written form),

2. The Future Continuous Tense (rule 2) – table № 2 p. 214. Ex. 127 p. 500-501 (in written form).

3. Adverbial clauses of time and condition (rule 3) – table № 5 p. 216. Ex. IV p. 217, ex. XVI p. 227, ex. XX p. 228, ex. 120 p. 497, ex.121, 122 p.498 (in written form).

4. Articles. The use of articles with names of seasons (rule 4) – ex. 125, 126 p. 499-500 (in written form).

5. Will have to – table № 4 p. 215.

Will have to, had to, can (past and future) – ex. VI p. 218 (in written form, table № 3 p. 215.).

6. Indirect Speech – ex. V p. 217(in written form).

! 7. Ex. XVI p. 167 (in written form) – Such (такой) is used to modify nouns.

e.g. It is such an interesting book

There such interesting books

So (так, такой) – is used to modify an adjective or an adverb).

e.g. The book is so interesting that I couldn’t help reading it.

I can’t help admiring his English, he speaks so well.

Повторение изученного ранее грамматического материала

1. Adjectives – ex. VI p. 223 (in written form).

2. Adjectives and adverbs – ex. XIII, XIV p. 225-226 (in written form).

3. Adverbs – ex. 127 p. 500 (in written form).

4. Prepositions – ex. XV p. 226 (in written form).

5. Uncountable nouns – ex. 130 p. 501-502 (in written form).

6. Articles – ex. 128 p. 500 (in written form).

Все новые слова в грамматическом материале и упражнениях уметь читать, писать и знать перевод.

Контрольная работа выполняется студентом и отсылается на электронную почту преподавателя.

TEST-PAPER ON LESSON 15

I. Put all types of questions to the sentences.

1. We’ll go to the Crimea in summer.

2. They’ll be listening to the recordings at this time tomorrow.

II. Use the Future Indefinite or the Future Continuous Tense:

1. Don’t come at 5, I (to work) at the laboratory.

2. Don’t worry, father (to repair) the vacuum-cleaner.

3. Who (to be) here tomorrow?

III. Finish the sentences:

1. You will pass your English if ….

2. Ask him when ….

3. The days will be longer when …

IV. Change the sentences using the Past and the Future Indefinite Tenses. Add some words to explain them.

1. You must work hard.

2. He can translate this text without much difficulty.

V. Fill in the blanks with “so, such”.

1. The sky is ….. dark.

2. We are having …. nice weather this spring.

3. She looks … happy.

VI. Write in indirect speech:

1. He said: “It rains hard in autumn.”

2. He said: “Don’t switch on the light. It’s light.”

3. He said: “What plan do you prefer? ”

4. He said: “Is this trip expensive? ”

VII. Translate the following:

1. Здесь достаточно хлеба.

2. Достаточно сухо.

3. Оно достаточно большое.

4. Достаточно сильный.

5. Достаточно снега и мороза.

6. Достаточно скользко.

VIII. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Идет дождь. Возьми свой зонтик или ты промокнешь.

2. Дети любят играть на улице.

3. Зимой дети и взрослые часто катаются на коньках и лыжах.

4. А какая погода в Англии зимой? – Часто идет дождь и редко идет снег.

5. Температура редко опускается ниже 3-4 градусов.

6. Обычная температура около нуля.

7. Трава остается зеленой круглый год.

8. Невыносимо жарко этим летом.

9. Небо покрыто низкими темными облаками и слышны отдаленные раскаты грома.

10. Люди часто жалуются на плохую погоду.

11. Дождя не было, по крайней мере, 2 суток.

12. Ты думаешь слишком сыро сидеть на траве?

13. Через несколько месяцев придет осень и время жатвы.

14. Вчера вечером шел сильный дождь, а теперь белые облака плывут по небу.

Lesson Sixteen (pp. 232-250)

Phonetics

1.Ex. I (learn by heart) p. 239.

Texts

Under the High Trees. At the Seaside.

1. Прослушайте текст “At the Seaside” в записи и сделайте интонационную разметку текстa, текст “Under the High Trees” читайте самостоятельно. Ex. III p. 239. Ex. II p. 239 поможет Вам отработать наиболее сложные в звуковом и интонационном отношении места текстов.

2. Потренируйтесь читать текст”At the Seaside” за диктором (несколько раз).

3. Прочитайте тексты, обращая внимание на звуки и интонацию.

4. Переведите тексты, используя Vocabulary Notes (p. 237-239).

5. Tеxt “Under the High Trees” retell. Ex. XVIII p.243.

6. Text “At the Seaside” learn by heart, render it in indirect speech. Ex. XXV p. 245.

7. Выучитe слова и выражения из Vocabulary Notes (p. 237-239 читать, писать, знать перевод).

8. Закрепление лексического материала – ex. IV p. 239, ex. IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV p. 241-242, ex. XVI, XVII, XIX p. 242-244 (in written form).

Speech practice

1. Ex. VI, p. 240, ex. VIII p. 241 (orally).

2. Ex. VII p. 240 (orally).

3. Ex. XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXVI p. 244-245 (orally).

4. Ex. XXXI, XXXII p. 247-248 (orally).

Обязательное задание

1. Самостоятельно прослушать и записать текст урока 16 “A Week-end” из аудиозаписи. Listen, read, translate and learn by heart.

2. Текст “At the Seaside” (yчебник В.Д. Аракина) p. 410-411 ( лингафонный курс № 44 part I, запись есть на почте группы) – listen, read, translate and learn by heart.

3. Текст “Planning a holiday” (yчебник В.Д. Аракина) p. 452-453 ( лингафонный курс № 44 part II, запись есть на почте группы) – listen, read, translate and learn by heart.

4. Подготовьте монологическое высказывание по теме “Week-end”. Ex. XXXIV p. 249.

5. Подготовьте свой диалог по теме “ Week-end ”. Ex. XXXV p. 249.

Grammar Lesson 16

Rule 1. The Past Perfect

The Past Perfect is formed by means of the auxiliary verb had and Participle II of the notional verb.

e.g. At the royal palace the prince found the slipper Cinderella had dropped.

I had heard that it was a good film so we decided to go and see it.

When I went back to the town that I had left eight years before, everything was different.

After she had cried out she felt easier.

I was sorry when Jacky moved to America; we had been good friends since university days.

In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.

e.g. Had you ever thought of getting married before you met June?

In the negative form the negative particle not is put after the auxiliary verb.

e.g. They had not yet reached the house when they saw Aunt Emily.

The use

The Past Perfect tense shows an action which happened at an earlier time before some other past action.

e.g. He had done nothing before I came.

I apologized because I had forgotten my book.

It also shows that an action took place before some moment in the past. This moment may be indicated by an adverbial modifier of time.

e.g. By five о clock he had finished his lab work.

Three conjunctions are often used with the Past Perfect tense: hardly...when, scarcely...when, no sooner...than.

e.g. I had hardly / scarcely closed my eyes when the telephone rang.

I had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked.

In a formal or literary style these structures are sometimes used with the inverted word for the sake of emphasis.

e.g. Hardly had I entered the room when the telephone rang.

No sooner had she agreed to marry him than she started to have terrible doubts.

Note: After the conjunctions when, as soon as, after the Past Indefinite may be used.

e.g. After I left school, I went to America.

After I had finished school, I went to America.

After he (had) finished his exams he went to Paris for a month.

As soon as I (had) put the phone down it rang again.

Rule 2. The Past Perfect Continuous

(past perfect progressive)

The Past Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the Past Perfect of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle I of the notional verb.

e.g. I didn't know how long she had been sitting here.

The use

We distinguish two uses of the Past Perfect Continuous: The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive denotes an action which began before a definite moment on the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment. Either the starting point of the action is indicated or the whole period of duration (with since, for).

e.g. At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months.

She had been working since six о 'clock and was getting tired.

The Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive denotes an action which was no longer going on at a definite moment in the past, but which had been in progress not long before.

e.g. Her eyes were red. It was clear she’d been crying.

When I found Mary, I could see that she had been crying.

The door of his father's study stood open – for Ellen had just been dusting the books.

Rule 3. Sequence of tenses

1. If the verb in the principle clause is expressed by the present or the future tense, the verb of the subordinate clause may be used in any tense.

e.g. He knows that we shall return in time.

They will understand that nothing can help them.

2. If the verb in the principle clause is expressed by one of the past tenses, the verb of the subordinate clause must also be used in one of the past tenses.

a) If the action in the subordinate clause is simultaneous with the action in the principle clause, the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous is used in the subordinate clause.

c.f. She said that they had a small cottage in the country.

Она сказала, что у них есть домик за городом.

Wе knew that they were going to leave Moscow.

Мы знали, что они собираются уехать из Москвы.

b) If an action in the subordinate clause is prior to the action (preceding the action) in the principle clause, the Past Perfect (Continuous) is used in the subordinate clause.

e.g. He said he had been to St. Petersburgh twice already.

He knew that Mary had not had time to read the letter.

Rule 4. The Future-in-the-Past

Future-in-the-Past is used to express a future action viewed from the past in the sequence of tenses. It is formed with the help of the auxiliary verb should for the first person singular and plural and would for the second and third person singular and plural and the infinitive of the notional verb.

Direct speech: 'Tomorrow will be fine.'

Indirect speech: The forecast said the next day would be fine.

Direct speech. 'I'll go if the weather is fine.'

Indirect speech: He said he would go if the weather was fine.

Direct speech: 'We 'II be pleased to see you.'

Indirect speech: We knew that they would be pleased to see us.

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