Read and practise the following dialogues.

Dialogue 1. Climate in Great Britain

Mike: Where do you come from, Jane?

Jane: I come from England.

M.: What's the climate like in your country?

J.: You know, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence the climate of Great Britain making it temperate and mild.

M.: You see, as for the climate in my country, it is continental.

J.: What does it mean?

M.: It means that the summers are warm, even hot in some places, the winters are cold and severe. You see, in the north of Russia there are no mountains to form a barrier against the cold winds from the Arctic Ocean. Cold masses of air flow over the land and bring strong frosts.

J.: I guess, your children enjoy playing snowballs and skating on frozen rivers, don't they? In Britain we have all sorts of weather in winter. Sometimes it rains and sometimes it snows, but the winters are never cold enough to freeze the rivers.

M.: They say, that fog is the most typical feature of the climate in England, isn't it? J.: I think, that's right. The thick fog often comes in autumn and in winter and stays for weeks together. It may be of different colours – white, yellow and black.

M.: And what is smog? Is it dangerous?

J.: Smog, which is acronym from smoke + fog, is the worst of all kinds of fogs. People don't see each other at arm's length. They walk along groping through the streets. In a thick smog cars and buses move very slowly?

Dialogue 2. Wonderful Weather We Are Having

Polly: Good evening, Mary!

Mary: Good evening, Polly! Come in, please. This way.

Polly: Here are some flowers for you.

Mary: Thank you very much. I am fond of roses. Meet Mrs Smith. Mrs Smith, this is Polly Bright, my cousin.

Polly: How do you do, Mrs Smith!

Mrs Smith: How do you do, Polly! How are you?

Polly: Quite well, thank you.

Mary: Polly, sit down, please. Make yourself comfortable. Would you like some cocktail?

Polly: No, thank you. Orange juice for me, please.

Mrs Smith: Wonderful weather we are having today.

Polly: Yes, it is very warm for this season. What's the temperature today?

Mary: It's almost ten degrees above zero.

Polly: Is it really so warm? I enjoy spending the weekend in the country if the weather is so warm. But yesterday...

Mrs Smith: Oh, yesterday the weather was not for the walk. It was drizzling and rather cold.

Mary: Right you are. But I'm afraid the weather will soon change. It'll become colder.

Mrs Smith: No wonder. It should be colder in October.

Dialogue 3. The Weather Changes Very Often

Mike: I say, Helen, what's the weather like today?

Helen: The temperature is about seven degrees above zero and it looks like rain.

M.: Oh, I wouldn't put it like that. It's warm and sunny. There is no wind. Let's go for a walk.

H.: Good idea. But don't forget to take an umbrella. The weather changes very often this year, am I right?

M.: I hardly think so. This winter is extremely warm, isn't it?

H.: It depends. It was rather cold in December, frosty and windy. And the temperature was some degrees below zero. I even put on my warm coat.

M.: You have said it. And do you remember the last weekend, when we suddenly got caught in a shower? I got wet through.

H.: Certainly. It was raining cats and dogs and you were wet to the skin.

M.: That was because the weather looked nice in the morning and I didn't take my raincoat.

H.: Look, it's clearing up. Wonderful weather we are having today. I don't think it will rain. Hope the weather will keep fine.

M.: You never can tell... Let's take the raincoats and umbrellas if by chance the weather changes.

H: It goes without saying. Come on.

Give answers to the questions below.

1. What do you know about the climate in Great Britain?

2. Try to compare the climate in Great Britain and in Russia.

3. What does the climate depend on?

4. What are the four seasons of the year?

5. Do the rivers and lakes freeze in winter in Britain? Why?

6. What is the most typical feature of the British climate?

7. What is the warmest season of the year?

8. Why do most people try to have their holidays in summer?

9. Why is autumn often called " golden autumn"?

10. What is the weather like in spring?

11. What is your favourite season? Why? What do you like to do in this season?

12. What is the weather like today? Do you enjoy it?

Make up a dialogue about the weather in the region you live in, using the following phrases.

What is the climate like in your region?; temperate; mild; continental;

What's the weather like today?; hot; cold; rainy; windy; frosty; ... degrees above / below zero; it looks like rain; it rains / it's raining cats and dogs; to get wet through / to the skin; it depends; it's drizzling; it's clearing up; to keep fine; you never can tell; wonderful weather we are having today; you have said it; it goes without saying.

Speak about the climate and weather of the region you live in.

ENJOY YOURSELF

6. Read and try to remember the following proverbs to use them in your speech.

1. Everything is good in its season. – Всякому овощу свое время.

2. It never rains, but it pours. – Пришла беда – отворяй ворота.

3. Still waters run deep. – В тихом омуте черти водятся.

4. Every cloud has its silver lining. – Нет худа без добра.

5. Every day is not Sunday. – He все коту масленица.

6. As the days grow longer, the storms are stronger. – Чем дальше в лес, тем больше дров.

7. After rain comes fair weather. – После ненастья – вёдро, после горя – радость.

Choose a proverb corresponding to the commentaries below.

а) In every trouble and difficulty there is hope or expectation of an improvement in the circumstances; a misfortune may turn into a benefit.

в) Do not take steps to deal with a difficulty or problem until it occurs, and immediate action becomes necessary.

с) Life is not all pleasure and amusement; it contains some discomfort.

d) Misfortunes rarely come alone but tend to come together in large numbers or follow each other in rapid succession.

e) A quiet person can have much knowledge, cunning, strong emotions, etc.

Grammar Lesson 15

Rule 1. The Future Indefinite Tense

The Future Indefinite tense is formed by means of the auxiliary verbs shall and wilt and the infinitive of the notional verb (without the particle to).

e.g. I shall probably be home late tonight.

I'll be back before long.

All sales staff will arrive for work by 8 40 a.m.

There’ll be somebody meeting you at the airport.

There will be snow on high grounds.

Shall is used for the first person singular and plural, will is used for the second and the third person singular and plural.

I shall work

You will work

He (she, it) will work

We shall work

You will work

They will work

e.g. I shall be away tomorrow.

Things will be all right.

In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.

e.g. Will you be able to baby-sit tomorrow night? – Yes. I shall; No, I shan't; Yes, he will; No, he won’ t.

There 'll be enough for everybody, won't there?

What will they think of me?

Who will work? – I shall.

When 'll I see you?

In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.

e.g. It will not rain this evening.

The contractions are: I'll, you’ll, etc; shan’t (GB only), won’t

For will not there are two possible constructions. We can say he 'll not or he won’t. e.g. I’ll not be there / I won’t be there / I shan’t be there.

I'm off on holiday, so I won’t be seeing you for a bit.

Negative questions are: will/shall I not? or won't /shan't I?

The use

The Future Indefinite tense is used to express a future action.

e.g. I’ll go to the seaside this summer.

Nancy will arrange it.

Notes:

1. In colloquial English the Present Continuous is usually used instead of the Future Indefinite to express a planned action which will take place in the nearest future.

e.g. We are having guests tonight

2. The word combinations to be going + Infinitive, to be about + Infinitive, to be due + Infinitive are also used to express a future action. To be about to refers to the immediate future. To be due to is often used to refer to timetables.

e.g. It looks as if it’s going to rain.

I think the plane’s about to take off.

They are about to start.

The plane is due to land at 2.15.

You do not normally usegoing to with the verbto go. You usually just sayI'm going rather thanI’m going to go.

e.g. What are you going to do this weekend? – I’m going to the cinema.

Rule 2. The Future Continuous Tense

(the future progressive)

The Future Continuous is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Future definite and Participle I of the notional verb.

I shall be working

You will be working

He (she, it) will be working

We shall be working

You will be working

They will be working

e.g. I'll be waiting for you in the hall downstairs.

In the interrogative form the first auxiliary verb (shall / will) is put before the subject.

e.g. Will you be going out this evening?

In the negative form the negative particle not is put after the first auxiliary verb.e.g. She will not be appearing till Sunday.

The use

1. The Future Continuous is used to denote an action which will be in progress at a particular moment in the future. The particular moment may be indicated by an adverbial clause of time or by an adverbial modifier of time.

e.g. I shall be sleeping when father comes.

I shall be going home at this time tomorrow.

This time tomorrow I'll be lying on the beach.

2. The Future Continuous is also used to refer to future events which are fixed, expected (supposed) or anticipated in the future in the normal course of events.

e.g. When will she be coming back?

Good luck with the exam. We’ll be thinking of you.

Note: The Future Continuous is used like the Present Continuous for planned actions.

e.g. We’ll be spending the winter in Australia.

We're spending the winter in Australia.

Rule 3. Adverbial clauses of time and condition

In sentences referring to the future a present tense is used in the subordinate clause of time and condition after the conjunctions: if, when, as soon as, before, after, while, till (until), unless, in case.

e.g. If the weather is fine, we 'II go for a walk.

If she rings, I'll tell her that you’ll ring back later.

Will you stay here until the plane takes off?

I’ll wait till / until I hear from you.

I’ll lend it to you on condition that you bring it back tomorrow.

I'll see you at Christmas when we’re all at Sally's place.

I've got my things in case we have time for a game tomorrow.

Come and see us next week if you're passing through London.

I'll think of you when I'm lying on the beach next week.

If he asks what I'm doing in her flat, I'll say I'm checking the electricity

meter.

In object clauses, however, after the conjunctions if, whether, when a future tense is usually used.

e.g. It will be interesting to see whether he’ll recognize you.

I don't know when he’ll come back.

I'm not sure if he’ll take his exam.

I don't know if you’ll understand

Rule 4. Articles.

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