Подчеркнуть мысль (to emphasize)

Obviously, clearly, in particular, needless to say.

 

Exercises

Insert linking words from the box into the following sentences.

Despite due to in fact however obviously and….as well because of according to moreover nevertheless as well as

 

1) ……….. the appearance of instruments, geographic maps were full of mistakes.

2) ………. one of the most popular theories about the death of the dinosaurs, the world just grew too cold for them.

3) ………. many scientists think that a change in weather would not have been enough to kill the dinosaurs.

4) ………., fossils have been found that show dinosaurs could live as north as Alaska.

5) ………., some animals can get through a disaster better then the others.

6) The idea of a great asteroid or comet crash is interesting, ………., it`s fascinating.

7) Scientists have studied the surface of the earth for centuries, ………. each year brings new information.

8) ………. its special qualities, water supports all forms of life, ………. influences weather and climate.

9) Waterfalls develop ………. the presence of rocks in the river`s course.

10) The atmosphere changes constantly ………. the weather changes constantly ………..

Insert linking words into the following text.

Obviously as a result so however fortunately then immediately nowadays until now

……. the more hemoglobin you have the more oxygen is carried to the cells of your body. ……. suppose that for some reason the number of red cells in your blood decreases or the amount of hemoglobin in each cell gets smaller. ……. the cells in other tissues all over your body get less oxygen; their metabolism is not normal, and ……. you get weak and pale.

It is possible, ……., to be perfectly healthy and still not get enough oxygen. This happens to fliers even though they have plenty of red cells and hemoglobin. ……. it is a well-established fact that the higher you fly above the earth’s surface, the thinner the atmosphere becomes. A breath of air at ten thousand feet contains far fewer molecules of oxygen than at sea level. ……., at great heights most people begin to pant and feel light-headed. They are suffering from oxygen want.

……., today’s airplanes have pressurized cabins for very high altitude flights. The thin outside air is compressed ……..it is as dense as the air we are used to breathing and ……. it is pumped into the cabin. Without special cabins, fliers have to inhale oxygen from tanks instead of the thin outside air.

 

Put these words into the following text.

well during though and but thanks to however both…and according to

THE ANCIENT ADAPTABLE APPLE (AAA)

Does an apple a day really keep the doctor away? ……….., not completely, of course – ………. it is quite likely to postpone the need for his attentions.

………. this proverb is a comparatively recent one, there is nothing new about the thought behind it.

In ancient Ireland the apple tree was the tree of immortality. ………..golden apples the Scandinavian gods preserved their eternal youth. The ancient Turks, too, believed that apples could restore youth; ………. the apple of Prince Ahmed of the " Arabian Nights" was a cure for every disorder.

The apple, which in ancient times grew wild on the shores of the Black Sea, may well have been the first fruit ever cultivated by man. ……….. the historical sources, in Greece they were cultivated at least as far back as 600 B.C., and Cato, in his writings, named seven different varieties.

……….. the Roman occupation of Britain, apple trees brought over from Gaul thrived so well in Somerset that the fruit was sent back again to Rome as a rare delicacy! From this time onwards the number of varieties of cultivated apple increased rapidly. It was not until the 18th century, ………., that experiments were made in cross-fertilization and the production of new varieties of apple by hybridization.

This has the dual result that we can obtain today a large variety of ………. eating ………. cooking apples; and that we can obtain them, from different countries, all the year round.

Translate into English, paying attention to the linking words.

Широко известно, что человек издавна использовал микробиологические процессы для приготовления хлеба, сыра, пива, вина и других продуктов. Но лишь в последние десятилетия успехи науки открыли возможность использовать микроорганизмы для крупного промышленного производства множества полезных веществ. По словам специалистов, использование биологических катализаторов - ферментов в пищевой, текстильной, кожевенной промышленности облегчает условия труда рабочих, а также улучшает качество продукции, снижает ее себестоимость. Кроме того бактериальные удобрения и микробиологические препараты для защиты растений от вредителей - хорошее подспорье земледельцам. Словом, у микробиологической промышленности большое будущее.

 

 

TEST 1 (Units 1 – 3).

Complete the table with singular and plural forms of nouns.

Singular	Plural
genus ….. ….. nucleus phylum ….. amphibian …..	….. species bacteria ….. ….. bacilli ….. mitochondria

 

Match the adjectives with the nouns to construct word combinations. Use three of these word combinations in your own sentences.

generic terrestrial breeding temporary extracellular poisonous scientific cold-blooded freezing mucous aquatic

experiment secretion point name animals paralysis fluid habitats pond organisms membrane

Choose the correct word to complete the text.

order defined classify features are sorted living reproduce share capable of kingdom to identify сlassification to sort offspring species scientists to breed

The use of the hierarchical classification system

CLASSIFICATION helps us to impose order and a general plan on the diversity of …………… things. Scientists have always tried to organize and …………… the objects, including living organisms, around them. …………… can be defined as grouping organisms according to their structural similarities. This means that organisms that share similar …………… are placed in one group.

The groups, from largest to smallest, are arranged as follows:

……………, phylum, class, ……………, family, genus and ………….... The species is the smallest group of organisms. As you go through the classification hierarchy, you will see that …………… have used broader features to put organisms into kingdoms, which are the largest groups of organisms. When you move down towards the species, which are the smallest groups of organisms,

features are becoming specific. In other words, two organisms that belong to the same species …………… more features than those in the same kingdom but in different species.

A species can be …………… as a group of organisms with similar features, and these organisms are …………… breeding and produce fertile ……………. You are probably aware of the fact that horses and donkeys belong to the same kingdom, phylum, class, order, family as well as genus but they are from different species. Therefore, if a donkey and the horse happen ……………, they produce an offspring called a mule. The mule is infertile, meaning that it cannot …………… offspring because it is a product of organisms of different species.

Classification hierarchy has many uses. First, it helps scientists …………… organisms in order. Second, it helps them …………… new organisms by finding out which group they fit. Third, it is easier to study organisms when they …………… in groups.

 

Give terms corresponding to the following definitions.

1. The science of naming, describing and classifying organisms.

2. Ordering organisms into groups based on their similarities or relationships.

3. A form of energy produced during a nuclear reaction.

5. The central part of a living cell, containing chromosomes.

6. A long, whip-like structure that helps some bacteria to propel themselves through liquid environments.

7. A long period of time when there is little or no rain.

8. An illness that is caused by bacteria and that does not usually last a long time.

9. A serious illness that usually lasts a long time, often one that affects a particular part of the body.

10. Vertebrates distinguished by their ability to exploit both aquatic and terrestrial habitats.

11. A state of inactivity for some period, until the environment is again warm enough.

 

 

Explain the following terms.

Genus, binominal system, virus, geobacter, predator, ailment.

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