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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Topic vocabulary in contrast
A Each of the words in bold is in the wrong sentence. Write the correct word on the line. 1. All twelve members of the witness were convinced of Davidson's guilt.jury 2. I don't think I'd ever break a serious crime 3. If the school laws aren't written down anywhere, how are we supposed to know what they are? 4. A psychiatrist was called as an expert judge during the trial 5. If a parent smacks a child, that's an example of commit punishment 6. Everyone should have the jury to a fair trial 7. If you sentenced the law, you deserve to be punished! 8. Governments must be allowed to introduce, change and scrap bystanders. 9. Can you imagine what it's like being justice for years in a cell? 10. It's very important that capital is seen to be done 11. Another phrase for 'right punishment' is 'the death sentence'. 12. The spy was imprisoned to life imprisonment 13. A number of rules watched the robbers speed off in a getaway car. 14. 'Silence in court! ' shouted the corporal angrily.
В Complete the crossword. Across 2. A football... is someone who causes trouble at a football match. (8) 4. the decision of a judge or jury (7) 8. a burglar, robber or any other person who steals (5) 10. It might not be absolute proof of someone's guilt, but it is used to show that someone could be guilty. (8) 11. a person the police think might have committed a crime (7) 12. The jury found her not... of all charges. (6) 13. take someone to court (9) Down 1. A solicitor is a specific type of.... (6) 3. put someone in handcuffs and take them to the police station, for example (6) 4. a person who puts graffiti on walls, smashes windows, etc (6) 5. not guilty (8) 6. If the police feel sure a person is guilty, they... that person with the crime. (6) 7. frequently attack or annoy; treat someone badly and deny them their rights (9) 9. the person in court who is on trial (also known as the defendant) (7)
Phrasal verbs С Complete using the correct form of the phrasal verbs in the box. break out • bring in • chase after • come forward • go off •hold up • look into • make off 1. So many witnesses have _________ that it will take days to interview them all. 2. The two robbers _________ on a motorbike. 3. Police are _________ allegations of corruption in the mayor's office. 4. The government is thinking of _________ a law to allow on-the-spot fines for hooligans. 5. A robber has _________ three banks in town in the last week. 6. They spent two years planning their escape before they finally _________of prison. 7. The policewoman _________ the pickpocket brought him to the ground and finally arrested him. 8. Luckily, the bomb disposal squad defused the bomb before it _________.
D Write one word in each gap. YOU'VE BEEN FRAMED! The most incredible thing happened to me yesterday. I was walking home from school when I saw a wallet on the ground full of money. I picked it up, and was just about to take it to the policestation to (1) _________ it in, when a police officer jumped out and told me I was under arrest forstealing. I tried to explain the situation but he wouldn't (2) _________ down.'l won't let you get(3) _________ with this/he said.'You're a thief, and thieves have to be punished.'He handcuffedme and drove me to the police station, where he took (4) _________ my name and address. Istarted crying, and begged him to (5) _________ me off, again trying to explain that I wasn'tgoing to keep the money. Suddenly, my best friend Adrian and a TV presenter came in and the police officer started laughing. It was a practical joke for a TV show, and I'd been completely (6) _________ in!
Phrases and collocations E Circle the correct word. 1. I don't know why you're putting / taking the blame on me. 2. Shelley has no intention / purpose of admitting she lied. 3. It doesn't / isn't necessary to set the burglar alarm. 4. The judge made / gave us permission to call a suprise witness. 5. We don't know who was at fault / damage yet, but we'll find out. 6. Sorry, I mistook you for / with someone else. 7. Should judges take children into reason / account when sentencing their parents? 8. The plan went / had wrong, didn't it? 9. We need prisons in solution / order to keep society safe from dangerous criminals. 10. Many people are making / taking advantage of the change in the tax law.
Word patterns F Match to make sentences. 1. They accused me A for shoplifting. 2. Our next-door neighbour was arrested В she's guilty. 3. Three people have been charged С someone to steal something from a shop. 4. She denied D of someone shoplifting. 5. I doubt whether E stealing the clothes. 6. I caught a glimpse F to steal something from the shop. 7. My friends made me G steal something from the shop. 8. She says she was made H with theft. 9. It is illegal for I of shoplifting.
G Write one word in each gap. Newton Archer The Voice of Sanity YOU'VE LET US DOWN, OWEN! Owen Davis used to be my hero. One of the greatest athletes of his generation, Owen made us think that everything was possible. I had so much respect (l) for him, particularly in terms of his 'no drugs in sport' campaign. And now there's no doubt that all the time Davis was claiming (2) _________ drugs were damaging sport, he himself was taking them. Last week, the International Athletics Association found Davis guilty (3) _________ taking banned body-enhancing substances. Davis has been banned from taking part in national and international events for the next five years, and the IAA are threatening (4) _________ ban future drug-takers for life. I hope they do. I refuse (5) _________ accept that we should show sympathy towards Davis at a time like this. We should never forgive people like Owen Davis (6) _________ bringing sport into disrepute.
Word formation H Each of the words in bold is in the wrong form. Write the correct form on the line. 1. I'm not sure that sending young offence to prison is such a good idea. offenders 2. There's absolutely no solid prove that he was anywhere near the scene of the crime. _________ 3. I'm not saying another word until I've spoken to my law. _________ 4. You shouldn't make accuse like that without evidence. _________ 5. When she left the police force, she worked as a private investigate for a while. _________ 6. 'I hope that your prison has shown you the error of your ways, ' said the prison governor. _________ 7. He was initially sent to a maximum secure prison. _________ 8. Lying and stealing are both forms of honest. _________ 9. Police are looking carefully at the forensic evident. _________ 10. There's no doubt this painting is a forge. _________ 11. Drug addict is no excuse - no one should hold up a petrol station! _________ 12. The rob took place at half past ten in the morning. _________ 13. No one is born a theft, and no one has to remain one their whole life. _________ 14. The convict of a number of senior executives has left the whole business community in shock. _________ 15. The problem with prisons is that they're full of crime who can teach new inmates all their tricks and skills! _________ 16. Should a murder be given the death penalty? _________
A Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. STOP PRESS Frank Turner, the (1) _________ in a trial that has attracted national ACCUSE attention, was today convicted of murder. The police (2) _________ INVESTIGATE lasted for a year and during the trial over 100 hours of (3) _________ EVIDENT were heard. Turner's (4) _________ had all argued that he was not in the LAW area at the time, but could not provide the necessary (5) _________. PROVE Police described Turner as a well-known (6) _________ who was THEFT responsible for many (7) _________ in the local region. This is not ROB Turner's first (8) _________ Seven years ago, he was found guilty of CONVICT (9) _________ and served three years in prison. The judge is expected FORGE to sentence Turner to a period of (10) _________ later this week. PRISON (1 mark per answer) В Match to make sentences.
(1 mark per answer)
С Complete the second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap. 19. Police said there hadn't been a crime as bad as this in over ten years. the Police described it as the worst crime in over ten years. 20. Some people don't respect the law. have Some people ________________ the law. 21. The laws in some countries are so strict that people have very little freedom. such Some countries ________________ people have very little freedom. 22. The girl was too young to go to prison. old The girl ________________.to go to prison. 23. The witness thought I was the thief, but realised that she was wrong. for The witness ________________ but realised that she was wrong. 24. Nobody in the country knows the law as well as Mr Parkhurst. than Mr Parkhurst knows the law ________________ in the country. 25. There have been so many robberies lately that people are afraid. such There have been ________________robberies lately that peopleare afraid. 26. Even though we weren't old enough, we managed to get into the night club. too Even though we ________________ we managed to get into thenight club. 27. The judge told the jury to consider the man's past life. account The judge told the jury to ________________the man's past life. (2 marks per answer)
D Choose the correct answer. 28. I had … a bad time in prison that I never want to go there again. A too В so С such D quite 29. One problem is that we don't have … officers on the streets. A so a lot of В too many С enough D such many 30. I can't get a car yet because I'm not … to drive. A enough old Вquite old С so old Dold enough 31. Some crimes seem to be … in this country than in others. A much less common В the least common С too little common D little common enough 32. Police blamed the robberies … a local gang. A with В on С for D to 33. My grandma says there was …a lot of crime when she was young that nobody trusted anybody else. A too В so С such D quite It became … as I walked home and I began to get slightly nervous. A enough dark В such dark С quite dark D so dark enough (1 mark per answer)
E Choose the correct answer. 35. The prisoner knew he had … a mistake and would regret it forever. A got С done В taken D made 36. The boy … that he had had anything to do with the break-in. A refused С objected В denied D rejected 37. Suddenly, someone shouted, 'Thief! ' and the man quickly … on a motorbike. A took in С came forward В made off D handed in 38. Do you have … to take that bicycle? A allowance С willingness В exception D permission 39. He said it was an accident, but I know he did it on …. A purpose С goal В aim D reason 40. Things started to … wrong for the robbers when the alarm went off. A take С go В have D come 41. The sign says that all shoplifters will be …. A persecuted С prosecuted В disproved D prohibited (1 mark per answer) Total mark: … /50
Unit 13 GRAMMAR • Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty
( Modals: ability )
WATCH OUT • We use be able to for the infinitive and other tenses. ✓ I’d love to be able to fit into these jeans again! (infinitive) ✓ I' llbe able to leave hospital in a few weeks, apparently. (future) ✓ I' vebeen able to swim since I was five. (present perfect) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
( Modals: permission )
| Use | Modal | Example |
| Asking for and giving permission now, for the future or generally | may could can | May/Could/ Са n I see the doctor, please? |
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WATCH OUT • May is more polite than could, and could is more polite than can. • We don't usually use a modal to talk about past permission. ✓ I was allowed to wear a knee support during the match.
• However, we do use could to talk about past permission in reported speech. ✓ The coach said I could wear a knee support during the match. | ||
( Modals: advice )
| Use | Modal | Example |
| Asking for and giving advice now, for the future or generally | should ought to | You ought to /should cut down on the amount of red meat you eat. |
( Modals: criticism )
| Use | Modal | Example |
| Criticising past behaviour | should ought to (+ perfect infinitive) | He ought to /should have made more of an effort with his diet. |
( Modals: obligation and necessity )
| Use | Modal | Example |
| Expressing obligation or necessity | must/have to/need to | I must/have to/need to pick up that prescription from the chemist on the way home. |
| Expressing lack of obligation or necessity | needn’t/don’t have to /don’t need to | You needn't/don't have to/don't need to pick up that prescription from the chemist as I'll get it while I'm in town. |
| Expressing past obligation | had to | I had to take the pills three times a day for two weeks. |
| Expressing lack of past obligation | needn't(+perfect infinitive) / didn't have to / didn't need to | I needn't have gone/didn't have to go/didn't need to go to the doctor. |
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WATCH OUT • There is usually no difference in meaning between must and have to. However, we are sometimes more likely to use must for personal obligation (making our own decision about what we must do) and have to for external obligation (someone else making a decision about what we must do). • We can also use will have/need to to express future obligation. ✓ You' ll have/need to be more careful about what you eat in future. • It is unusual to use must for questions. We usually use have/need to. ✓ Do I have/need to take this medicine before every meal? • Must cannot be used as an infinitive. Use to have to. ✓ I'd hate to have to have injections every day. • Mustn't and don't/doesn't have/need to have different meanings. ✓ You mustn't do that! (Don't do that! ) ✓ You don't have/need to do that. (You can do that if you want to but it's not necessary.) • Needn't (+ perfect infinitive) always refers to an action that happened. Didn't have to and didn't need to can refer to actions that did or didn't happen. ✓ I needn't have gone to the doctor. (I went but it wasn't necessary.) ✓ I didn't have/need to go to the doctor because I suddenly felt better. (I didn't go.) ✓ I didn't have/need to go to the doctor but I went just to be on the safe side. (I did go.) • Be careful with the verb need. It can also take the -ing form. ✓ I need to sterilise this syringe. ✓ This syringe needs sterilis ing. | ||
( Modals: degrees of certainty )
| Use | Modal | Example |
| Expressing certainty (or near certainty) about now or generally | must can’t couldn’t | That must be the district nurse at the door. These can't/couldn't be the pills; they're the wrong colour. |
| Expressing certainty (or near certainty) about the past | must can’t couldn’t (+perfect infinitive) | She must have been in a lot of pain. His leg can't/couldn't have been in plaster for two years! |
| Expressing probability about now, the future or generally | should ought to | You ought to/should feel better in a few days, as long as you get lots of rest. |
| Expressing probability about the past | should ought to (+perfect infinitive) | The bruise ought to /should have disappeared days ago. I wonder why it didn't. |
| Expressing possibility about now, the future or generally | could may might | You should talk to your doctor first because that diet could / may /might be dangerous. |
| Expressing possibility about the real past | could may might (+perfect infinitive) | That could/may/might have been the doctor who rang earlier while we were out. |
| Expressing possibility about a hypothetical past | could might (+perfect infinitive | It's a good thing you went to the doctor or you could/might have become quite ill. |
A If a word or phrase in bold is correct, put a tick (✓ ). If it is incorrect, rewrite it correctly on the line.
1. Can you to speak French? speak
2. I can give you a hand tomorrow morning, if you like. ___________
3. I'll can take my driving test after a few more lessons. ___________
4. Jack can play the guitar before he learnt to talk! ___________
5. If only I can afford to buy that top! ___________
6. We can have gone up the Eiffel Tower while we were in Paris, but we decided to go to the Louvre instead . ___________
7.I could get a more expensive computer, but it didn't seem worth it. ___________
8. I wish I could get out of the maths test tomorrow! ___________
9. I bet you'd love to be can to get satellite TV. ___________
10. You'd better tell the coach if you can't playing on Saturday. ___________
В Circle the correct word or phrase. If both options are correct, circle both.
1. Hello. Could / Can I speak to Mrs Johnson, please?
2. We could / were allowed to go home early yesterday because our teacher was ill.
3. The head teacher said we could / were allowed to go home.
4. Do you think I should / could be worried about these spots on my forehead?
5. You ought to / should enter that talent contest!
6. You couldn't / shouldn't talk to people like that! It's rude!
7. Alan should write / have written two essays in the exam yesterday, not one!
8. No, you may / should not go out tonight. You know you're grounded!
9. Diana shouldhave waited / been waiting for me at the corner. I wonder where she went.
10. What were you doing in the park? You ought to have done / been doing your homework then!
11. Yes, of course you can / are able to open the window if you're too hot!
СWrite a form of must, have to, need or need to in each gap to complete the sentences. If more thanone possibility is correct, write all possibilities.
1. Oh, I must/(will) have/need to emember to get some potatoes on the way home tonight.
2. Jason _______ see the headmaster during the next break. I wonder what it's about.
3. We _______ light lots of candles during the power cut two nights ago.
4. I'll _______ start doing my Christmas cards soon. It's nearly December.
5. Carl, you _______ run into the street like that without looking first. It's dangerous!
6. People with solar-powered cars _______ worry about the price of petrol.
7. I wouldn't like to _______ get up at five o'clock every morning.
8. We _______ do any washing-up after the picnic because we'd used disposable plates and cutlery.
9. Do professional musicians _______ practise every day?
10. I _______ have bothered cooking all that food; they'd eaten before they arrived.
D Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap.
1. His lights are on so I'm pretty sure Dan is at home. as
Dan must be at home as his lights are on.
2.Susie's car's not here so she's almost certainly taking Dobber to the vet. be
Susie _______________ Dobber to the vet since her car's nothere.
3. There's no way that boy's Simon. He's much taller! boy
That _______________ Simon. He's much taller!
4. I'm certain the Winners don't think we're coming tonight; we arranged it for next Tuesday. expecting
The Winners _______________ tonight; we arranged it for next Tuesday.
5. I bet you were exhausted after such a long journey! have
You _______________ exhausted after such a long journey!
6. The only explanation is that Evan was on the phone to someone in Australia! talking
Evan _______________ on the phone to someone in Australia!
7. There's no way Casey won the disco dancing competition - he's got two left feet! have
Casey _______________ the disco dancing competition - he's gottwo left feet!
8. I don't believe Helen's been trying to call us all day.The phone hasn't rung once. been
Helen _______________ to call us all day.The phone hasn't rungonce.
E Use the words in the box only once to complete the sentences in Table A. The meaning of the sentences in Table В will help you.
able • cannot • could • had • have • might • must needn't • mustn't • ought • should • will
| Table A | Table В |
| 1. I must have left my bag on thebus. | expressing certainty |
| 2. In a few months, I'll be … to buy a car. | expressing future ability |
| 3. I … drive when I was thirteen years old! | expressing past ability |
| 4. No, you … have any more pocket money! | refusing a request |
| 5. I think you … consider a career in the armed forces. | giving advice |
| 6. | expressing personal obligation |
| 7. | expressing external obligation in the past |
| 8. You don't … to do Exercise D for homework. | expressing a lack of obligation |
| 9. You … have to work a lot harder if you want to get a good report. | expressing future obligation |
| 10. They … to arrive at about 8. | expressing probability |
| 11. Sean … have got stuck in traffic. | expressing possibility |
| 12. I … have worried so much about Jan’s present. She loved it! | expressing a lack of past obligation |
F Circle the correct answer.
1. … I have a look at those shoes in the window, please?
A Must В Would
С Should D Could
2. We … pay for the tickets as Josie won them in a competition.
A mustn't В didn't have to
С couldn't D hadn't to
3. You really … make such a mountain out of a molehill!
A can't В won't
С mightn't D shouldn't
4. You won't … to connect to the Internet once you've got broadband as you're online twenty-four hours a day.
A need В must
С ought D able
5. I hope we … find the cinema easily.
A could В may
С might D can
6. We couldn't find a hotel room so we … sleep in the car. It was awful!
A must В should
С had to D could
7. We'd love to … afford to go on a round-the-world cruise.
A can В be able to
С will have to D have to
8. Fiona can't … about the meeting. I reminded her this morning!
A forget В be forgetting
С have forgotten D have been forgetting
9. She could...in the garage when we came round, which would explain why she didn't hear the bell. A work В be working
С have worked D have been working
10. You'll … tell the police that your house was broken into.
A have to В must
С had to D should
G Write a modal or semi-modal in each gap to replace the phrase in brackets. Add any other words you need.
1. Bruce can (is able to) finish most crosswords in under ten minutes.
2. Charlotte didn't get to the Craig David concert because she _______ (wasn't able to) get tickets.
3. I _______ (had the opportunity to go) to Oxford but I decided to go to a more modern university.
4. You _______ (were wrong to tell) Angus. You know he can't keep a secret!
5. If you have a cashpoint card, you _______ (are not forced to) go into the bank to get money from your account.
6. We _______ (were made to) apologise to the police for wasting their time.
7. That _______ (almost definitely wasn't) the last can of soda in the fridge. I bought loads this morning!
8. _______ (Wereyou obliged to) talk about two photographs during the interview?
9. Children _______ (are not allowed to) be left unattended.
10. The weather _______ (willprobably) be good tomorrow.
H Choose the correct answer.
CHOOSING A GYM
Choosing to go to a gym regularly (1) _______ change your life for the better. Don't let it be a decision
you regret!
Good gyms have a lot to offer. They (2) _______ provide exercise equipment that is just too expensiveto buy and their trained staff are (3) _______ to provide quality health and fitness advice. But if you'replanning to join a gym, you (4) _______ definitely ask to look round before you become a member. There are a number of things to bear in mind before choosing which gym to join.
Before the law changed a few years ago, anyone (5) _______ set up a gym and even today gyms(6) _______ employ trained fitness instructors. Find out what qualifications the staff have. If they'reuntrained, it's best to go elsewhere.
You (7) _______ be put off by the gym's hard sell. Just because they want you to sign up - they wantyour money, after all - that doesn't mean you (8) _______ decide there and then. See a few gyms before you make your final decision.
Ask yourself: What kind of equipment and facilities do they have? There's little point joining agym and then thinking a few months later, 'I (9) _______ have chosen a gym with a pool.' Do you(10) _______ book equipment in advance, or can you just turn up and use it? How busy does the gym get? It (11) _______ be very pleasant turning up to find there's no room in the changing roomand there's a huge queue for each piece of equipment. It (12) _______ also be a good idea to talk topeople who already go to that gym to find out their opinion.
1. A must В would С should D will have to
2. A can В could С would D must
3. A made В forced С allowed D able
4. A should В would С might D will
5. A can В could С might D may
6. A mustn't В don't have to С can't D shouldn't
7. A mustn't В couldn't С won't D mightn't
8. A can't В can С would D have to
9. A ought to В must С have to D can't
10. A able В must С have to D allowed
11. A won't have to В doesn't have to С mustn't D won't
12. A must В might С has to D ought to
I Write one word in each gap.
When I broke my arm a week ago, I guess it (1) ought to have hurt. But it didn't! We weredoing PE at school, and we were making a pyramid. We (2) ________ to stand on each other'sshoulders. I was right at the top. We (3) ________ have been doing it properly because suddenlythe pyramid collapsed and we all fell. I landed on my arm.
Mr Jenkins (4) ________ have known immediately that I'd broken my arm because he sentsomeone to call an ambulance.'Sit still, and don't move your arm at all until the ambulance comes, 'he said. I (5) ________ still remember the feeling - my arm was numb, and looked very strange, but there was no pain at all. I remember thinking: 'lt (6) ________ be broken. If it was broken, I'dbe in agony.'I suppose not feeling any pain (7) ________ have been because I was in shock.
The plaster (8) ________ come off in about three weeks but it (9) ________ have to stay onlonger. It depends on whether the break has healed properly or not. The next three weeks may(10) ________ be the best three weeks of my life - no basketball, no playing in the playground, no swimming - but I'm counting my blessings. It (11) ________ have been a lot worse!
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