EXERCISE 4 Insert the omitted word from the text

1. When pressures in the __________have fallen to the point where a well will not produce by __________, some method of __________ must be used.

2. The __________ is a complete set of surface equipment necessary to impart an__________ to the sucker-rod string, to which the __________ is con­nected.

3. Speed reduction between the __________ and the __________ is accomplished by a combination of a V-belt drive and gear reducer.

4. The __________ is lifted by means of a cable looped over the horsehead and connected to the carrier bar to support the __________ clamp.

5. __________wells need a means of sealing off the pressure inside the tubing to prevent leakage of __________ and __________ outside the polished rod.

Prime mover, bottom-hole pump, rod string, liquid, polished-rod, natural energy, oil reservoir, pumping unit, artificial lift, up-and-down motion, gas, pitman crank, pumping.

EXERCISE 5 Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones with the right information and discuss your answers with a partner.

1. Method of artificial lift uses low -pressure gas to lift the oil from the reservoir.

2. With an engine of 6000 revolutions per minute (RPM), a speed reduction ratio of 30 to 1 is necessary to operate the unit at 20 strokes per minute.

3. The rod string is lifted by means of a cable looped over the horsehead and connected to the carrier bar to support the polished-rod clamp.

4. A set of weights, attached to the crank, coun­terbalances the weight of the rods and part of the weight of the fluid, which are suspend­ed from the opposite end of the walking beam and helps the power plant fall rods and fluid on the downstroke.

5. Stuffing boxes consist of flexible mate­rial or packing housed in a box, which provides a method of compressing the packing.

EXERCISE 6 Connect the terms with their definitions.

1. Artificial lift	a) a down-hole oil pump located on the bottom of the tub­ing on a beam well. The sucker-rod pump is activated by the sucker-rod string rising and falling in the tubing thus pulling plunger up and down.
2. Natural lift	b) a tool used to measure temperature in a well at a specific depth.
3. Pressure differential	c) a mechanical method that is used to assist in lifting crude oil in a well to the surface. The most common methods are sucker-rod pump, hydraulic pump, gas lift and electric submersible pump.
4. Bottom-hole thermometer	d) the flow of formation fluids out of a well without artificial lift. The reservoir pressure is sufficient to lift the fluids to the surface.
5. Sucker-rod pump	e) difference between pressures in the well bore and reser­voir or in the well bore intervals.

EXERCISE 7 Make up your own sentences using the following words:

Beam pump, injection, thermal processes, sucker-rod pump, gas-to-liquid ratio, pressure.

EXERCISE 8 Translate into English in written form.

1. Скважинные насосы подразделяются на три группы: глубинные насосы, спускаемые в скважину на колонне штанг, глубинные насосы, которые работают в результате воздействия высокого давления скважинных флюидов, глубинные центробежные насосы.

2. Метод механизированной добычи – это метод, при котором для поднятия пластовой нефти используется газ под высоким давлением.

3. Снижение скорости между первичным двигателем и рычагом соединительной тяги осуществляется при помощи клиноременной передачи в комбинации с редуктором.

4. Коленчатый рычаг поворачивается низкоскоростным валом редуктора.

5. Нагрузка на коленчатом рычаге или одном конце балансира служит противовесом для колонны штанг и части жидкости на другом конце балансира и помогает силовой установке поднимать штанги и жидкость при ходе поршня вверх.

6. Гидравлический сальник изготовляется из гибкого материала или набивки, которая находится в корпусе, что позволяет уплотнять набивку.

7. Набивку сальника заменяют по мере износа.

EXERCISE 9 Read and translate the texts.

TEXT 1

ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS

The design of a submersible pumping unit, under most conditions, is not a difficult task, especially if reliable data are available. Although, if the information, especially that related to the well’s capacity, is poor, the design will usually be important. Bad data often result in a misapplied pump and costly operation. A misapplied pump may operate outside the recommended range, overload or underload the motor, or ruin the well at a rapid rate, which may result in formation damage. On the other extreme, the pump may not be large enough to provide the desired production rate.

Too often data from other wells in the same field or in a nearby area are used, assuming that wells from the same producing horizon will have similar characteristics. Unfortunately for the engineer sizing the submersible installations, oil wells are much like fingerprints, that is no two are quite alike.

The actual selection procedure can vary significantly depending on the well fluid properties. The three major types of ESP applications are:

- High water cut wells producing fresh water or brine;

- Wells with multi-phase flow;

- Wells producing highly viscous fluids.

The performance of a centrifugal pump is considerably affected by the gas. As long as the gas remains in solution, the pump behaves normally as if pumping a liquid of low density. However, the pump starts producing lower than the normal as the gas-to-liquid ratio (at pumping conditions) increases beyond a certain “critical” value (usually about 10-15%). It is mainly due to the separation of the liquid and gas phases and a slippage between the two phases.

This phenomenon has not been well studied and there is no general correlation describing the effect of free gas on pump performance. A submersible pump is usually selected by assuming no slippage between the two phases.

Ideally, a well would be produced with a submergence pressure above the bubble point pressure to keep any gases in solution at the pump intake. This is typically not possible, so the gases must be separated from other fluids prior to pump intake to achieve maximum system efficiency.

TEXT 2

FLUID INJECTION

The practice of injecting gas and water underground has become an important part of oil-producing operations. The injection of gas into formation increases recovery of oil, and sometimes results in a saving of natural gas. Water is injected into underground formations for two reasons. One is to dispose salt water that is produced with oil. The other is to increase the amount of oil recovered by injecting water into a producing formation.

Injection of gas requires the use of compressors to raise the pressure of the gas so that it will go into the wells, which take the gas to the producing formation. Water can sometimes be injected into an underground formation by gravity, but in many cases a pump is necessary in order to inject water at the rate desired. Pumping is usually required where water is injected into a producing formation for a water-flood or pressure-maintenance program.

For water flood projects water is injected into certain wells to flush oil from the reservoir rock. In some cases, oil recovery may exceed by a large factor that realized during original production.

Thermal processes include the concept of burning some of the oil in a reservoir.

Wasteful at first glance, the process actually uses some of the oil that could not be produced by any known method as an energy source to increase the total amount of oil recovered. Other thermal methods use either heated water or steam.

EXERCISE 10 Answer questions about the texts.

1. In what cases the design of a submersible pump can be important?

2. What does a misapplied pump result in?

3. What is the most common mistake made when reviewing well data?

4. What does the actual pump selection procedure depend upon?

5. What are the three major types of ESP applications?

6. What does considerably affect ESP performance?

7. What is the ideal condition for a well production?

8. What are the reasons of water injection into underground?

9. What are compressors used for?

10.What do other thermal processes include?

EXERCISE 11 Give the Russian equivalents to the following word combinations

1. Bubble point

2. Fluid

3. Submersible

4. Injection

5. Maintenance

6. Water injection

7. Pressure

8. Thermal processes

9. Oil-producing operations

10. Producing formation

11. Water-flood

12. Energy source

EXERCISE 12 Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones with the right information and discuss your answers with a partner.

1. The design of a submersible pumping unit, under most conditions, is not a difficult task, especially if reliable data are available.

2. Too often data from other wells in the same field aren’t used, assuming that wells from the same producing horizon will have similar characteristics.

3. As long as the gas remains in solution, the pump behaves normally as if pumping a liquid of low density.

4. The injection of gas into formation reduces recovery of oil, and results in a saving of natural gas.

6. Injection of gas requires the use of compressors to raise the pressure of the gas so that it will go into the wells, which take the gas to the producing formation.

EXERCISE 13 Make up sentences out of two parts from the table:

1. A misapplied pump may operate outside the recommended range, overload or	a) the gas-to-liquid ratio increases beyond a certain “critical” value.
2. Unfortunately for the engineer sizing the submersible installations, oil wells are	b) a producing formation for a water-flood or pressure-maintenance program.
3. The pump starts producing lower than the normal as	c) to dispose salt water that is produced with oil.
4. Water is injected into underground for­mations for two reasons. The first reason is	d) underload the motor, or ruin the well at a rapid rate, which may result in formation damage.
5. Water can sometimes be injected into	e) some of the oil that could not be pro­duced by any known method as an energy source to increase the total amount of oil recovered.
6. Pumping is usually required where water is injected into	f) much like fingerprints, that is no two are quite alike.
7. Wasteful is the process actually uses	g) an underground formation by gravity, but in many cases a pump is necessary in order to inject water at the rate desired.

EXERCISE 14 Translate into English in written form.

1. Закачка газа в пласт увеличивает добычу нефти, а иногда приводит к экономии природного газа.

2. Закачка газа требует использования компрессоров для повышения давления газа таким образом, чтобы он вошел в скважины, которые принимают газ в продуктивный пласт.

3. Вода закачивается в подземные формации по двум причинам: расположение соленой воды, которая производится с нефтью, увеличение количества нефти, извлекаемой при впрыскивании воды в продуктивный пласт.

4. Вода может иногда быть введена в подземную формацию под действием силы тяжести, но во многих случаях насос необходим для того, чтобы впрыскивать воду в желаемом количестве.

5. Практика закачки газа и воды под землю стало важной частью нефтедобывающих операций.

 

CHAPTER VIII

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1. EXERCISE 12 Insert the omitted words from the text
2. EXERCISE 13 Find the definitions to the key words, using the information from the text and translate them into Russian. There is one extra definition.
3. EXERCISE 13 Give the Russian equivalents to the following words.
4. EXERCISE 2 Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the correct prepositions and translate them.
5. EXERCISE 2 Fill in the gaps with the word(s) from the list below. Explonation to these terms are given in the brackets. Translate them into Russian.
6. EXERCISE 2 Find the definitions to the key words, using the information after the text and translate them into Russian.
7. EXERCISE 2 Match the Russian equivalents to the following English words and word-combinations.
8. EXERCISE 2 Translate the following sentences from Russian into English in writing.
9. EXERCISE 20 Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones with the right information and discuss your answers with a partner. Use the texts 1, 2 if necessary.
10. EXERCISE 23 Answer questions about the text.
11. EXERCISE 3 Match the methods with the description. Translate into Russian. The first one has already done.
12. Exercise 3. Match the words to make up phrases