EXERCISE 3 Match the methods with the description. Translate into Russian. The first one has already done.

The discriptions:

A) is a metal-joining process wherein coalescence (соединение) is produced by heating to suitable temperatures with or without the use of filler metal.

B) a substance that hardens under heat to bond pipes.

C) joining light-wall steel and copper pipe, metallic or nonmetallic that is being cut or rolled

D) pressure-type joint made with a filter metal that, when heated to its melting point, is drawn into the annular space between pipes and fitting by capillary action.

E) a continuous helical (винтовое зубчатое колесо) has threads on each end, making it possible to screw two pieces of pipe together.

F) consists of an inner elastometric gasket and an outer metallic sleeve with integral bolts for compressing the gasket.

The methods:

Compressed

Soldered

Threaded

4. crimped (grooved)

5. cemented

Welded

EXERCISE 4 Read and translate the texts " Valve body" and " Choke replacement", using the words after the texts.

Valve body

The body, sometimes called the shell, is the primary pressure boundary of a valve. It serves as the principal element of a valve assembly because it is the framework that holds everything together.

The body, the first pressure boundary of a valve, resists fluid pressure loads from connecting piping. It receives inlet and outlet piping through threaded, bolted, or welded joints.

Valve bodies are cast or forged into a variety of shapes. Although a sphere or a cylinder would theoretically be the most economical shape to resist fluid pressure when a valve is open, there are many other considerations. For example, many valves require a partition across the valve body to support the seat opening, which is the throttling orifice. With the valve closed, loading on the body is difficult to determine. The valve end connections also distort loads on a simple sphere and more complicated shapes. Ease of manufacture, assembly and costs are additional important considerations. Hence, the basic form of a valve body typically is not spherical, but ranges from simple block shapes to highly complex shapes in which the bonnet, a removable piece to make assembly possible, forms part of the pressure-resisting body.

Narrowing of the fluid passage (venture effect) is also a common method for reducing the overall size and cost of a valve. In other instances, large ends are added to the valve for connection into a larger line.

CHOKE REPLACEMENT

The choke used on wells with contained in produced fluids sand consists of a body with a tightly inserted steel bushing thermally treated or made of hard alloys. Steel gaskets are installed between the choke shoulder and flanges to provide for integrity. When the choke is to be replaced the flowing stream is switched over from the working line to the backup line by means of opening and closing relevant valves.

Two connections on the choke nipple must be unbolted in order to replace the choke, bottom bolts must not be removed from holes. Further, in order to remove the choke it is necessary to move aside the choke nipple, then turn it for 180°, remove from it the deteriorated choke and install a new one. The new choke must be installed in reserve order. Easily removed and adjustable chokes are used to make choke replacement faster and easier.

In order to change the choke flow area, the needle end must be moved to the bushing or from it by means of rotating the handwheel. The choke opening value is shown by the arrow on the indicator. Adjustable chokes can be applied only for wells with small content of sand in flowing fluids.

The words to be memorized:

1. primary pressure boundary – первичная защита от давления;

2. castor forged – отливаются или выковываются;

3. throttling orifice – дросселирующее отверстие;

4. venture effect – эффект Вентури;

5. valve body – корпус задвижки

6. bonnet – крышка корпуса (задвижки)

7. fitting – фитинг

8. adjustable choke –регулируемый штуцер

9. flow area – проходное сечение

10. inlet and outlet – входное и выходное отверстия

11. packing – уплотнение

12. gasket – уплотнительное металлическое кольцо

13. hand wheel – штурвал (задвижки)

14. integrity class – класс герметичности

15. nipple – ниппель

16. pressure drop – падение давления

17. reverse flow – обратный поток

18. rotary motion – вращательное движение

19. stop valves – запорная арматура

20. straight through valve – проходной клапан

EXERCISE 5 Answer the following questions.

1.What is the primary pressure boundary of a valve?

2.How does it serve and why?

3.How does it receive inlet and outlet piping?

4.What is the most economical shape to resist fluid pressure when a valve is open?

5.The basic form of a valve body is spherical, isn`t it?

6.What is a common method for reducing the overall size and cost of a valve?

7.What does the choke used on wells consist of?

8.Why are steel gaskets installed between the choke shoulder and flanges?

9.What is necessary to do in order to remove the choke?

10. Where can adjustable chokes be applied?

EXERCISE 6 Decide whether the statements are true or false. Correct them if necessary.

1.Nominal size and nominal pressure are key characteristics of gate valves.

2.Compared to globe valves gate valves have significantly better integrity.

3.Compared to a gate valve a control valve is much easier to repair.

4.Choke is a variation of needle valve and is used to control well fluid flow.

5.Check valve is used to check volume of pumped fluid.

6.Plug valve can be used both to stop and control fluid flow.

7.Most quick-union connections are designed for work with products containing hydrogen sulfide and are made of materials resistant to aggressive environment.

8.A specific feature of ball valve design is that its body is made in the form of a ball.

9.In rising stem gate valves the stem can rotate and move up and down, and in nonrising stem gate valves the stem cannot rotate.

10. Gate valves maintain straight flow with insignificant pressure drop.

EXERCISE 7 Connect the terms with their definitions.

1. Adjustable choke	1. small pieces such as pipes, nipples or elbows that are used in a pipe system for connecting pipes
2. nipple	2. a valve for very accurate fluid flow control
3. safety valves	3. pipe pieces which are threaded on one end and have a wing union on the other end
4. swing check valve	4. a short pipe that has either threads or welds on both ends
5. elbow	5. a pipeline valve in which the gate is opened by direct fluid flow and is closed by reverse flow
6. ball valve	6. a choke diameter of which can be adjusted
7. fittings	7. a short bent pipe-joint with outside thread on both ends
8. needle valve	8. devices installed on a pipeline to close and open fluid flow
9. quick-union connections	9. a plug valve with the plug in the form of a ball with a through hole
10. stop valves	10. devices installed on a pipeline to release excessive pressure in a pipeline

EXERCISE 8 Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

1.The function of safety valves is to relieve excessive pressure in a pipeline by releasing excessive volume of fluid.

2.Materials for valve seat, disk and stem include brass, bronze, malleable iron, steel or alloys or other materials depending upon working temperature and operational conditions.

3.Choke is a variation of needle valve and is used to control well fluid flow, for example, mixture of oil, gas and water produced from a well.

4.Stopping element of swing check valve revolves on its horizontal axis, located above the center of the valve seat.

5.Nipple can have various length and thread on its ends with similar or different step.

6.Pipe elbow is used in cases when in order to lay a pipeline a straight line must be turned towards the set target.

7. Quick-union connections are used to perform well operations, associated with application of mobile equipment during well workover.

8. Working fluid passes through the check valve and lifts the plug, which can come down under its own weight when stream direction changes.

9. Gate valve consists of a handwheel and a disk controlled with a screw-shaped stem, which moves up and down at right angle to fluid flow.

10. A wedge can be solid, flexible and split.

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