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ENGLISH FOR TRANSPORT PROCESSES TECHNOLOGY



ENGLISH FOR TRANSPORT PROCESSES TECHNOLOGY

 

 

Нижневартовск

А-46

Рассмотрены и рекомендованы к изданию постановлением Редакционно-издательского совета филиала Южно-Уральского государственного университета в г. Нижневартовске

 

 

ENGLISH FOR TRANSPORT PROCESSES TECHNOLOGY / Английский язык для технологии транспортных процессов / сост. Сургутскова Г.А. – Нижневартовск: 2015. – 114 с.

Учебно-методическое пособие соответствует требованиямФГОС 3 и основным компетенциям, необходимым для усвоения курса«Иностранный язык».

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов по направлению подготовки «Технология транспортных процессов» бакалавриата, а также для само­стоятельного изучения лицами, уже владеющими анг­лийским языком, но которым необходимо усовершен­ствовать его для работы в профессиональной области на предприятиях по перевозке грузов и пассажиров, службы безопасности движения, транспортно-экспедиционных предприятий и организаций, региональных органов управления транспортной и государственной транспортной инспекции, маркетинговой службы и подразделений по изучению и обслуживанию рынка транспортных услуг, региональных систем товародвижения и перевозки пассажиров, организаций и предприятий информационного обеспечения производственно-технологических систем.

Введение

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов по направлению подготовки «Технология транспортных процессов» бакалавриата, а также для само­стоятельного изучения лицами, уже владеющими анг­лийским языком, но которым необходимо усовершен­ствовать его для работы в профессиональной области на предприятиях по перевозке грузов и пассажиров, службы безопасности движения, транспортно-экспедиционных предприятий и организаций, региональных органов управления транспортной и государственной транспортной инспекции, маркетинговой службы и подразделений по изучению и обслуживанию рынка транспортных услуг, региональных систем товародвижения и перевозки пассажиров, организаций и предприятий информационного обеспечения производственно-технологических систем.

Пособие построено на принципе взаимосвязанного обуче­ния видам речевой деятельности на профессионально ориентированном материале.

Содержание лексического и грамматического материала соответствует требованиям программы но английскому языку для технических факультетов университетов.

Пособие рассчитано примерно на 180 —200 часов аудиторных занятий (в зависимости от уровня подготовки студентов).

Структура пособия

Учебное пособие включает в себя 18 уроков и краткий грамматический справочник.

Тексты для изучающего чтения первого урока отражают такие темы, как: биография, семья, жизнь студента, учебное заведение и грамматику английского языка на базе соответствующей лексики. Тексты всех остальных уроков тематически связаны со специальными предметами, изучаемыми на направлении подготовки «Технология транспортных процессов». Структура урока.Каждый урок начинается с упражнений на отработку тематической лексики. Далее следует работа с текстами на профессиональную тематику: изучающее чтение (Full Understanding), практика общения (Practice in Communication), ознакомительное чтение (General Understanding) и просмотровое чтение (Scan­ning Practice).

Методическая записка

Каждый урок рассчитан на прохождение в течение 8—10 часов. Последовательность прохождения уроков может выбираться по усмотрению преподавателя. Однако ре­комендуется соблюдать последовательность выполнения упражнений внутри каждого урока.

Каждая часть урока имеет свою специфику. Так, почти все первые упражнения предназначены для изучения лексического материала. Они мотивационно обусловлены, что выражается в ситуационном характере как лексических, так и грамматических заданий. Большинство упражнений данной части урока предусматривают выход в устную коммуникацию. Ряд упражнений (например, по переводу) может выполняться письменно по усмотрению преподавателя. Некоторые упражнения предусматривается выполнять в форме игр-соревнований между студентами.

Ряд упражнений в каждом уроке предназначен для самостоятельной работы студентов.

Некоторые профессиональные тексты, рекомендуется заучивать наизусть.

Задания к текстам позволяют развивать умения и навыки ознакомительного и просмотрового чтения. Тексты даны с нарастанием сложности. Все тексты профессионально ориентированы. Для измерения скорости просмотрового чтения перед почти каждым текстом дается количество слов, встречающихся в нем.

В группах с углубленным изучением английского языка рекомендуется прохождение материала в полном объеме, обычные группы могут использовать материал выборочно в зависимости от степени подготовленности группы. Возможно творческое переосмысление данных и добавление новых заданий в зависимости от методического опыта преподавателя и подготовленности группы.

Неизменным условием работы сданным пособием является атмосфера доброжелательности, доверия, сотрудничества между преподавателем и студентами.

 

 

Вопросительные местоимения

Эти местоимения употребляются для построения вопросительного предложения.


What (что, какой, какая, какое, какие) What is it? Что это такое? What book is it? Какая это книга?

Who (кто) Who is this man? Кто этот человек?

Whose (чей) Whose pencil is it? Чей это карандаш?

Which (который) Which of these books is yours? Которая из этих книг твоя?

When (когда) When does the lesson begin? Когда начинается урок?

Why (почему, зачем) Why did you come here? Почему вы пришли сюда?

How (как) How are you? Как поживаете?

How many (much) (сколько)


Вопросительное местоимение what относится к сло­вам, обозначающим вещи, предметы, явления.

Вопросительное местоимение who относится к сло­вам, обозначающим людей.

Однако, обрати внимание: Who is he? Кто он? (как его зовут) Не is Mr. Johnson. What is he? Кто он? (по профессии) Не is an engineer.

Местоимение who имеет два падежа:

1. именительный падеж who;

2. объектный падеж whom (кому, кого).

Who is here? Кто здесь? Whom do you see there? Кого ты там видишь? Whom did you give my book? Кому ты дал мою кни­гу?

 

2.C Переведи на английский язык:


1. Чьи это грузовики? — Это наши грузовики.

2. Кого вы встречаете сегодня?

3. Чей это справочник потехнике безопасности? — Это ее.

4. Почему вы пришли рано?

5. Кто этот человек? — Этот человек логист.

6. Какие это книги? — Это книги по технологии транспортных процессов.

7. Когда вы идете на работу?

8. Которые из этих постовых наши? — Они все ваши.


Возвратные местоимения

Возвратные местоимения употребляются в предло­жении для того, чтобы сказать, что предмет, назван­ный подлежащим предложения, сам совершает действие или сам совершает действие и испытывает его на себе.

Как правило, они переводятся глаголом с частицей -сь (-ся), которая присоединяется к глаголам.

Например: Do it yourself. Сделайте это сами. Do not cut yourself! He порежьтесь!

В английском языке возвратные местоимения обра­зуются от личных:

 

I — myself we — ourselves

you — yourself you — yourselves

he — himself they — themselves

she — herself

it — itself

 

2.D Заполни пропуски:

 


1. I shall ask him....

2. They want to do it....

3. She washed....

4. You will lower electrical noise....

5. I looked at... in the mirror.

6. We shall tell her....

7. They have done the research....

8. She doesn’t like to speak about....

9. The brochure about carrying capacity... is very good, but not the translation.

10. Chief engineers, do the structural design...!


Определенный артикль THE

Определенный артикль the выделяет предмет или предметы из класса им подобных:

The book I bought yesterday was interesting — Кни­га, которую я купил вчера, была интересной (это — конкретная книга, которую говорящий выделяет из класса ей подобных).

Определенный артикль the употребляется как с исчис­ляемыми, так и с неисчисляемыми существительными, как в единственном, так и во множественном числе.

Например:

This is a book. The book is interesting, (исчисляемое в единственном числе)

This is meat. The meat is fresh, (неисчисляемое)

These are books. The books are good, (множествен­ное число)

Определенный артикль употребляется:

а) когда известно (из контекста, из окружающей обстановки), о каком предмете (предметах, явлениях) идет речь: Take the book, please.

б) когда речь идет о единственном в своем роде пред­мете или явлении: The Sun is in the centre of the solar system.

в) когда существительное имеет ограничивающее определение, чаще всего с предлогом of.

We don’t know the properties of this substance.

г) в словосочетаниях типа in the north, to the west, at the cinema, the same, in the country, the rest of the...

д) если перед существительным стоит прилагатель­ное в превосходной степени:

This is the most interesting book.

С географическими названиями и с именами соб­ственными артикль, как правило, не употребляется, кроме следующих случаев:

а) с названиями морей, рек, океанов, горных хреб­тов, групп островов используется определенный ар­тикль: the Pacific Ocean, the Black Sea, the Thames, the British Isles.

б) определенный артикль используется с несколь­кими названиями стран, областей и городов: the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Netherlands, the Hague, the Riviera, the Congo, the West Indies

в) определенный артикль используется с названия­ми стран, состоящими из 2 и более слов:

the Russian Federation, the United States of America, the United Kingdom.

г) перед собирательным именем семьи: The Petrovs — Петровы

Артикль не нужен в сочетаниях со словами next и last типа: next week, next year, last month, last Tuesday.

 

6.A Вставьте артикли a, an, the, где они необходимы:

 

1. Last week I met my... friend. He was with... young girl.... girl was a student of our... University. 2. This is... wire.... wire is long. 3. She is... engineer. She is our... operating engineer. 4. It is... atom.... atom is small. It’s one of... smallest things in... world. 5. There are... many properties of metal.... properties are useful. 6. Did you draw... plan? Give me your... plan, please.

6.B Вставь артикль the, где он не­обходим:

 


1. Do you live near factory?

2. What is largest city in world?

3. This street is longest in town.

4. Next year we’ll go to Black Sea coast.

5. Who was first man to fly into space?

6. What city is capital of United States?

7. What did you have for lunch?

8. Take pen and make exercise in written form.


 

КАК ЧИТАЮТСЯ ДАТЫ?

Числительное, обозначающее год, делится на две ча­сти — число сотен, а затем — число десятков и единиц. 1900 — nineteen hundred, in (the year) nineteen hundred

2000 — two thousand, in (the year) two thousand 1905 — nineteen five, in (the year) nineteen five Даты можно читать так: April 12, 2001, on the twelfth of April, two thousand one, on April the twelfth, two thousand one

Как читаются дробные числительные?

Простые Десятичные

1/2 - a (one) half; 0.1-0 [ou] point one

1/4 — a (one) quarter 2.45 - two point four five

2/3 — two thirds 35.25 — three five (или thirty- five) point two five

1.5— one and a half

9.A Напиши цифрами дробные числа:

 

Простые:

1) A (one) half 2) two thirds 3) a (one) quarter 4) three fourths 5) two and a (one) half 6) five and one sixth 7) a (one) fifth.

Десятичные:

1) Zero (nought/ou) point two 2) two point four five 3) four point five 4) three four (thirty four) point one zero two 5) nought point nought one 6) six point three five 7) fifty eight point three nought five.

Обозначения времени:

Если минутная стрелка находится в правой части циферблата - используется предлог past:

It’s ten past eleven. 10 минут двенадцатого.

It’s a quarter past eleven. Четверть двенадцатого.

It’s half past eleven. Половина двенадцатого.

Если минутная стрелка находится в левой части ци­ферблата, то используется предлог to:

It’s ten to twelve. Без десяти двенадцать.

It’s a quarter to twelve. Без четверти двенадцать.

It’s twenty minutes to twelve. Без двадцати минут двенадцать.

It is eleven sharp. Ровно одиннадцать.

Время до полудня обозначается a.m. (от лат. ante meridiem), а после полудня р.т (от лат. post meridiem).

Например: 10 a.m. — Десять часов утра. 6 p.m. — Шесть часов вечера.

Дни недели (употребляются с предлогом on): Monday — понедельник, Tuesday — вторник, Wednesday — среда, Thursday — четверг, Friday — пятница, Saturday — суббота, Sunday — воскресенье

Месяцы (употребляются с предлогом in): January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December

Времена года (употребляются с предлогом in): spring весна summer лето autumn осень winter зима.

Запомни следующие слова и выражения:

 


a watch — часы (наручные, карманные)

a clock — часы (стенные, настольные)

My watch is five minutes fast. — Мои часы спешат на 5 минут.

My watch is five minutes slow. - Мои часы отстают на 5 минут.

What day is it today? — Какой сегодня день (недели)?

What date is it today? — Какое сегодня число?

What time is it now? — Который час?

What is the time? — Который час?


Выражения, связанные со временем:

yesterday — вчера

the day before yesterday — позавчера

today — сегодня

tonight — сегодня вечером

tomorrow — завтра

the day after tomorrow — послезавтра

a fortnight — две недели

from 10 till 12 — с 10 до 12

half an hour — полчаса

10 days ago — 10 дней назад

It’s time to... — пора (делать что-либо)

in an hour’s time — в течение часа

in time — вовремя (не слишком поздно; так, чтобы успеть)

on time — вовремя (точно по плану)

in the middle of... — в середине

this week (month, year) — на этой неделе (в этом меся­це, году)

next week — на следующей неделе last week — на прошлой неделе


 

9.B Реши задачи:

 


isosceles triangle равнобедренный треу­гольник

rectangular triangle (right- angled triangle) прямоу­гольный треугольник

base основание

side сторона

equilateral triangle равносто­ронний треугольник

altitude высота

radius (мн. radii, radiuses) радиус

parallelogram параллелограмм

circle круг


 

1. Find the area of an isosceles triangle if its base is 4 cm and its altitude is 5 cm (centimeters).

2. Find the area of an equilateral triangle if its base is 6 cm and its altitude is 5 cm.

3. Find the area of a rectangular triangle if its base is 4 cm and its altitude is 5 cm.

4. Find the area of a square if its side is 4 cm.

5. Find the area of a parallelogram if its base is 8 cm and its altitude is 5 cm.

6. Find the area of a circle if its radius is 10 cm.

Как читаются математические действия:

 

(x) — multiply, times (: ) — divide, divided by (+) — add, sum up, plus (-) — subtract, minus (=) — equals, is equal, makes 22 — two in the second power

 


addition сложение 12 + 15 = 27 Twelve plus fifteen is (makes, equals) twenty seven.

addend слагаемое

sum сумма

subtraction вычитание 41 — 24 = 17 Forty-one minus twenty-four is (equals) seventeen.

minuend уменьшаемое

subtrahend вычитаемое

remainder, difference разность

to do subtraction вычитать

multiplication умножение 6 x 4 = 28 Seven times four is twenty-eight (seven multiplied by four is twenty-eight) multiplicand множимое

multiplier (factor) множитель

product произведение

multiplication table таблица умножения

division деление 60: 10 = 6 Sixty divided by ten is six.

dividend делимое

divisor делитель

quotient частное

division with remainder деление с остатком

without remainder без остатка


 

9.C Пропиши словами и реши:

 


1. -3 + 4 =

2. 0, 05 x 1, 5 =

3. ½ + 7/8 =

4. -5: 2 =

5. 78: 0, 23x – 5 = 10

6. 40x + 4/8 – 6 = 15x

7. 42 – x = 157

8. 91 + 562/7 -14x = 184

9. 87x+12.2=72x-180


 

9.D Реши задачи:

 


1. Convert 5/12 to a decimal.

2. Express 0, 28 as a fraction.

3. What is 67.469 to 3 significant figures.

4. Find 16% of 8.


 

9.E Реши задачи:

percentage процент; dealer торговец; mark-up наценка.

 

1. Find 18 as a percentage of 64.

2. The price of an item including the dealer’s 20% mark-up is $36. What did it cost before the mark-up?

3. If it costs $6 to drive k miles, then what is the cost of driving 4 miles?

4. Web-desginer has drawn 3 logos by 12 a.m, he started at 8 a.m.. how many logos will he draw after 7 hours of work.

 

 

CHAPTER10 HIGHWAY PATROL

 

10.1 Прочитай и письменно переведи:


A highway patrol is either a police unit created primarily for the purpose of overseeing and enforcing traffic safety compliance on roads and highways, or a detail within an existing local or regional police agency that is primarily concerned with such duties.

Duties of highway patrols or traffic police may include the following:

• Accident investigation: Gathering evidence to determine the cause of a roadway accident.

• Commercial vehicle enforcement: Enforcing highway laws related to commercial transport, including weight limits and hazardous materials rules.

• Education: Providing public information, handouts, and displays to encourage safe driving and usage of the roads.

• Emergency response: Securing the scene of a traffic accident by using cones and flares as well as providing first aid to the injured.

• Law enforcement: Assisting local police in rural areas, and keeping an eye out for non-traffic violations.

• Maintenance: Observing and reporting damage to the roadways, and conducting hasty road surveys after disasters or the passage of inclement weather.

• Traffic enforcement: Enforcing laws and regulations intended to improve traffic safety, such as speed limits.


 

10.2 Прочитай, письменно переведи и сопоставь со странами:

 

A. In Portugal, B. In Spain,   C. In the United Kingdom, D. In Pakistan,     E. In Mexico,   F. In Italy,   G. In India,   H. In France,   I. In Colombia, J. There is also a third police force in Newfoundland K. In Brazil,   L. In Argentina, M. In Germany, N. In the Czech Republic, O. Currently, the provincial sheriffs' service in Alberta     P. In Canada,   Q. In Indonesia,     R. In Belgium,   S. In Japan, T. In Poland,   U. In the Netherlands, V. In Russia,   W. In Australia, X. In Sri Lanka,   Y. In Taiwan,   1. traffic policing is the responsibility of the Argentine National Gendarmerie. 2. traffic policing is the responsibility of the state police forces. Each force has its own traffic sections, often a local section in each area and a statewide section. 3. traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Wegpolitie - Police de la Route (WPR) a section of the Federal Police (former Gendarmerie). 4. traffic policing is the responsibility of state and federal police forces accordingly to the highway administration status. State administered highways (usually shorter, within state borders, two-way, single lane, lower traffic) are policed by a branch of the Military Police forces, called State Highway Military Police. At the same time Federal highways and roads (longer, crossing state borders, some double lane and high-traffic) are the responsibility of the Federal Highway Police. 5. traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, except for the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. 6. known as the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, which serves several metropolitan areas. Although this police force no longer exists as the main provincial police service, it is in competition with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police for the role. 7. maintains a highway patrol that shares traffic duties with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and historically, several provinces, e.g. New Brunswick, have had their own highway patrols. Quebec also operates the Contrô le routier Qué bec, who enforce traffic laws in relation heavy vehicles. 8. traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Highway Police (Colombia). 9. traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Policie CR. 10. traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of dedicated units of the Gendarmerie Nationale (France), the Escadron dé partementaux de sé curité routiè re (EDSR)and the CRS autoroutiè res of the National Police (France). 11. traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Autobahnpolizei section of the Landespolizei. 12. traffic policing on highways are carried out by state police forces. 13. traffic policing is the responsibility of the Indonesian National Police. 14. traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Polizia Stradale section of the civilian Polizia di Stato and the military Carabinieri. 15. the Traffic Bureau of the National Police Agency (Japan) licenses drivers, enforces traffic safety laws, and regulates traffic. Intensive traffic safety and driver education campaigns are run at both national and prefectural levels. The bureau's Expressway Division addresses special conditions of the nation's growing system of express highways. 16. traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Federal Police (Mexico). 17. policing on the highways falls under the purview of the Dienst Verkeerspolitie (transportation police), which is one the Korps landelijke politiediensten (national police services, as opposed to the regional forces). 18. traffic policing on National Highways And Motorways is the responsibility of National Highways & Motorway Police. 19. traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Policja. 20. traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Republican National Guard (Portugal). 21. traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the GIBDD section of the Politsiya (formerly Militsiya) and the Public Security Service of the MVD. 22. traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Civil Guard (Spain), except in the autonomous communities with transferred competences on traffic policing (Catalonia and the Basque Country), where regional police forces (Mossos d'Esquadra and Ertzaintza, respectively) are responsibly for this area. In Navarra, traffic policing is shared between the Guardia Civil and the regional police (Policí a Foral de Navarra). 23. traffic policing is the responsibility of the Traffic Police. 24. traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the National Police Agency. 25. traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the road policing unit of the territorial police force.

10.3 Прочитай и письменно переведи текст US TRAFFIC POLICY:

 

Many state police agencies in the United States take the name of " highway patrol" rather than " state police". State police agencies may fulfill the role of highway patrol, and vice versa. For instance, the California Highway Patrol is actually a state police agency, meaning that it is a police body having statewide authority to conduct law enforcement activities and criminal investigations. In addition to its highway patrol duties described above, it performs functions outside the normal purview of the city police or the county sheriff, such as enforcing traffic laws on state highways and interstate expressways, overseeing the security of the state capitol complex, protecting the governor, training new officers for local police forces too small to operate an academy, providing technological and scientific support services, and helping to coordinate multi-jurisdictional task force activity in serious or complicated cases. The California Highway Patrol also serves as bailiffs and courtroom deputies for certain state courts, such as the appellate courts and the California Supreme Court building in San Francisco. The state traffic enforcement agency retained the name " California Highway Patrol" after the merger of the smaller California State Police with the larger—and better-known—CHP and the combination of their functions into one agency.

However, some Highway Patrol organizations, such as the North Carolina State Highway Patrol are specifically charged with the enforcement of traffic laws, and while able to enforce other laws, they are not official " state police" agencies in the same vein as the California Highway Patrol or the New Jersey State Police. In other cases, states like Texas have a bona fide and appropriately named state police department such as the Texas Department of Public Safety, of which only one arm is a highway patrol division. In addition, the police departments of Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia have highway patrol units. A privately compiled list of Highway Patrol organizations and similar state policeagencies is available on the web. The Iowa State Patrol maintains a list of phone numbers and * and # cell phone numbers for non-emergency calls to the dispatchers of the Highway Patrol organizations in all 50 states. These numbers are useful for motorists who want to report aggressive driving, driving under the influence, or other dangerous but not life-threatening situations that do not require a 9-1-1 call.

Highway patrol and state police officers are often referred to as " state troopers". Historically, a troop was a small cavalry unit; many state police forces originated as mounted paramilitary forces who were stationed in barracks like soldiers, hence the term " trooper." A state trooper goes by the title " trooper", as in " Trooper John Smith". Some agencies, particularly on the east coast, refer to their state police offices as " barracks, " although troopers generally do not reside there. Other state police forces, particularly highway patrols as in California, have always modeled themselves after police officers who simply commute to work like ordinary civilians. Like police officers, they use the title " officer."

*Hawaii is the only state without an agency that provides statewide uniformed patrol.

 

  WORLDBUILDING

 

В английском языке существуют следующие спосо­бы словообразования: словосложение, словопроизводство с помощью суффиксов и префиксов, и конверсия — переход слов из одной части речи в другую без изме­нения формы слова.

Словосложение — это соединение двух слов в одно с образованием нового слова:

Примеры сложных существительных: schoolchildren школьники postman почтальон newspaper газета

Примеры сложных прилагательных: waterproof водонепроницаемый red-hot накаленный докрасна first-class первоклассный Примеры сложных местоимений: something что-нибудь anywhere везде somehow как-нибудь.

Словопроизводство — это образование нового сло­ва с помощью суффиксов и префиксов.

What to Carry in the Car

Drivers must carry at all times the originals of all the documents below, and traffic police can stop a car at any time for a check.

· Passport including a valid visa

· Migration card

· Valid driving licence

· Insurance policy

· Car registration paper

· Certificate of annual technical inspection

It is also mandatory to carry the following items:

· First-aid kit (it is advisable to include latex gloves and a sterile syringe)

· Fire extinguisher

· Emergency triangle sign

· A neon reflective vest

Speed Limits

Speed limits are shown in kilometres per hour (Km/h). Inside built-up areas, the speed limit is 60 Km/h, 90 Km/h outside these zones, and 100 Km/h on highways. These apply to all types of roads.

The traffic police have the authority to issue fines on the spot as well as to suspend the driving licence of the offending driver or even to make an arrest in the case of drunk driving and to detain the vehicle.

Some common penalties for speeding include:

Offence Penalty
Exceeding speed limit by 10-20 Km/h Warning or R.100 fine
Exceeding speed limit by 20-40 Km/h R.300 fine
Exceeding speed limit by 40-60 Km/h R.1, 000-1, 500 fine
Exceeding speed limit by more than 60 Km/h R.2, 000-2, 500, disqualification for 4-6 months or suspension of licence

Toll Roads

The toll system is relatively new in Russia. Plans started being developed in 2005, but very few toll roads have been introduced since. One completed toll road is the 18 Km section of the Lipetsk Highway M-4 from Moscow to Novorossiysk, where cars have to pay R.10 to pass. Charges are payable in cash.

Another new development is the toll section of the ‘Western High-Speed Diameter’ in St Petersburg, where cars passing the 5 Km toll road must pay R.30 during the day (07: 00-23: 00) and R.10 at night. Plans include being able to pay with a transponder or a smart card, both of which will offer different rates of discount from the standard fees payable at toll booths.

Some provincial administrations have also imposed tolls on some roads. One example is the road between Ostrov and the Latvian and Estonian borders in Pskov County in Western Russia, where tolls range from R.150-300 per car.

Police Checks

According to Russian law, traffic police have the right to stop a vehicle at any time and for any reason, for a road check. The driver is not obliged to exit the vehicle, but their documents and the papers of the car must be shown. The police may issue a ticket for a fine and keep the driving licence, but the driver’s identity papers and the vehicle papers should be returned.

Towing

Traffic police can impound and tow a car belonging to a driver who: is caught driving while intoxicated; refuses to take an alcohol test; cannot produce a driving licence, car registration papers or the documents confirming ownership of the car; has illegally stopped or parked the car in forbidden area: or if the car has faulty brakes or a faulty steering system.

If a car is towed, the driver will have to pay a fine for the offence committed, for the towing costs and the hourly fees for the time the car was impounded. These costs can amount to R.10, 000 or more and fines must be paid in cash.

Drink Driving

Russia has a zero tolerance policy to drinking and driving. If a driver is caught, the driving licence can be suspended for two years.

 

13.2 Прочитай, переведи и запомни Road rules of the United Kingdom:

There are some key British road rules to help awareness of different driving laws in foriegn countries.

Which Side of the Road?

In the United Kingdom, please drive on the LEFT side of the road.

Unique Country Driving Laws

· Do not use mobile phone to call or text while driving.

· On Roundabouts, drivers to the right have right of way.

· Use the outside right lane to overtake on motorways.

· There is a congestion charge when driving in London.

· Zebra crossings (black and white stripes on the road) give pedestrians right of way.

· There are speed cameras on all types of road.

Speed Limits

For a standard rental vehicle with no trailers:

· Urban areas: 30 mph (48 km/h)

· Rural areas: 60 mph (96 km/h)

· Motorways: 70 mph (112 km/h)

Compulsory Equipment

There is no compulsory equipment needed in the UK.

 

13.3 Прочитай, переведи и запомни Road rules of the United States of America:

Which Side of the Road?

In the USA, please drive on the RIGHT side of the road.

Unique Country Driving Laws

· Do not use mobile phone to call or text while driving.

· On Roundabouts (Traffic Circles or Rottary), drivers to the left have right of way.

· America is full of Toll Roads, also known as Turnpikes. Keep lots of spare change in your car as only some booths accept Debit and Credit cards.

· Do not overtake school buses.

· Please be aware you may turn right at lights (in some States, when shown by signs).

· If pulled over by Police, do not exit your vehicle. Turn the ignition off and sit patiently with your hands visible.

Speed Limits

Each State will have its own speed regulations to abide by, please use this as a guide to road speeds, not the actual State traffic speed limits:

· Urban areas: 20 - 35 mph

· School Zone: 10 - 20 mph

· 2 lane Highway: 55 - 65 mph

· Motorways: 65 - 70 mph

 

Compulsory Equipment

There is no compulsory equipment needed in the USA.

 

13.4 Прочитай, переведи и запомни Road rules of Austria:

Which Side of the Road?

In Austria, please drive on the RIGHT side of the road.

Unique Country Driving Laws

· Do not use your horn around Vienna, and hospitals, you may be fined.

· You must obtain a voucher when parking, these can be bought almost anywhere.

· Do not overtake school buses, when the yellow lights are flashing.

Speed Limits

For a standard Avis rental vehicle with no trailers:

· Urban areas: up to 31 mph (50 km/h)

· Rural areas: 62 mph (100 km/h)

· Motorways: up to 80 mph (130 km/h)

· Snow Chains is 31 mph (50 km/h)

A general rule around Austrian towns is a speed limit of 18mph (30km)

Compulsory Equipment

· Warning triangle

· First-aid kit

· Reflective jacket

 

13.5 Прочитай, переведи и запомни Road rules of Canada:

Which Side of the Road?

In Canada, please drive on the RIGHT side of the road.

 

Unique Country Driving Laws

· Do not use mobile phone to call or text while driving.

· On Roundabouts (Traffic Circles or Rottary), drivers to the left have right of way.

· Use the outside lane to overtake on highways.

· Do not overtake school buses.

· If pulled over by Police, do not exit your vehicle. Turn the ignition off and sit patiently with your hands visible.

Speed Limits

Each Province will have its own speed regulations to abide by, please use this as a guide to road speeds, not the actual State traffic speed limits:

All speed signs will be in KM:

· Urban areas: 25 mph (40 km/h)

· Rural areas: 55 mph (96 km/h)

· Motorways: 65 mph (104 km/h)

Please be aware of changing speeds indicated by road signs.

 

Compulsory Equipment

There is no compulsory equipment needed in Canada.

 

13.6 Прочитай, переведи и запомни Road rules of Turkey:

Which Side of the Road?

In Turkey, please drive on the RIGHT side of the road.

Unique Country Driving Laws

· Do not use a cell phone while driving. It is strictly prohibited.

· Be careful when driving, there may be numerous objects on the road.

· In the event of an accident, be sure tocall the Police and make a report. Do not move your vehicle.

Speed Limits

For a standard Avis rental vehicle with no trailers:

· Urban areas: 31 mph (50 km/h)

· Rural areas: 55 mph (90 km/h)

· Motorways: 74mph (120km/h)

Unless indicated by road signs.

Compulsory Equipment

• First-aid kit

• Fire extinguisher

• 2x Warning triangle

 

  THE FUTURE TENSES

 

The Future Simple употребляется для выражения:

Ø предсказаний будущего, обычно с глаголами think, believe, expect; выражениями be sure, be afraid; наречиями perhaps, certainly, probably: His parents think he will become an artist one day.

Ø неожиданных решений и предложений: I’ll take this jacket. Since it’s your birthday, I’ll pay for lunch.

Ø событий, ситуаций, которые точно произойдут в будущем, и которые невозможно контролировать: Jill will be two years old next month.

Ø обещаний, обычно с глаголами promise, swear, guarantee, угроз, предупреждений, просьб, обозначения надежды, обычно с I hope: I hope pollution levels will drop soon. Factories must stop polluting the air or else we won’t be able to breathe.

Индикаторы: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month/year, tonight, soon, in a week/month/year, etc.

УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ ОТРИЦАНИЕ ВОПРОС
I We shall V1 I We shan’t V1 Shall I we V1?
He She It You They will V1 He She It You They won’t V1 Will he she it you they V1?

The Future Continuous употребляется для выражения:

Ø действия, которое произойдет в обозначенное время в будущем: This time next week, I’ll be skiing in Austria.

Ø действия, которое произойдет в будущем в результате обыденности или договоренности: ‘Shall I inform the rest of the team? ’ ‘No, I’ll do it. I’ll be seeing them at the meeting anyway’.

Ø действия в будущем, когда мы вежливо спрашиваем о чьих-либо планах (совпадают ли наши желания с их планами): ‘Will you be going out later? ’ ‘Yes. Why? ’ ‘Could you get me a sandwich, please? ’

УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ ОТРИЦАНИЕ ВОПРОС
I We shall be Ving I We shan’t be Ving Shall I we be Ving?
He She It You They will be Ving He She It You They won’t be Ving Will he she it you they be Ving?

The Future Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет закончено до обозначенного времени в будущем: They will have finished their meeting by four o’clock this afternoon.

Индикаторы: by, by the time, before, until, by then, etc.

УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ ОТРИЦАНИЕ ВОПРОС
I We shall have V3/ed I We shan’t have V3/ed   Shall I we have V3/ed?
He She It You They will have V3/ed He She It You They won’t have V3/ed     Will he she it you they have V3/ed?

The Future Perfect Continuous употребляется для выражения длительности действия до определенного времени в будущем: By the time Rick retires, he will have been working for the same company for thirty years.

Индикаторы: by … for.

УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ ОТРИЦАНИЕ ВОПРОС
I We shall have been Ving I We shan’t have been Ving   Shall I we have been Ving?
He She It You They will have been V3/ed He She It You They won’t have been V3/ed     Will he she it you they have been Ving?

WILL / SHALL

Ø WILL YOU …? употребляется для выражения просьбы: Will you open the door for me, please?

Ø WON’T употребляется для выражения отказа: I’ve talked to Sue about her decision to leave, but she won’t listen.

SHALL I/WE …? употребляется для:

a) выражения предложения: Shall I give you a hand with those bags?

b) выражения совета: Shall we wait until the rain stops?

c) получения инструкции: What shall I do with all these letters? Put them on my desk.

Present Simple используется в значении будущего, когда мы ссылаемся на программы или расписания (поезда, автобусы и т.д.): The film starts in ten minutes. (расписание кинотеатра)

Be going to употребляется для выражения:

Ø планов на будущее, намерений или стремлений: I’m going to employ more staff. I’m going to expand my company.

Ø предвидений ближайшего будущего: Look at him! He is going to win the race.

Ø The Future Simple не употребляется после while, before, until, as soon as, after, if, by the time или as. Вместо этого употребляется The Present Simple или Present Perfect: I’ll wait until you finish/have finished. А не: until you will finish.

Ø When (= в какое время) употребляется, как вопросительное слово, за ним следует The Future Simple: When will I know the results? I can’t tell when it will be ready.

Ø When (= в то время) употребляется, как временное слово и за ним следует The Present Simple: He’ll call us when he gets there.

If может следовать за The Future simple только после выражений, которые выражают незнание, неуверенность I don’t know, I doubt, I wonder: I wonder if he will be on time. Но: If you see him, tell him about the party.

После by the time, until, before, употребляется The Present Simple в придаточных времени. The Future Perfect и The Future Perfect Continuous могут стоять как перед, так и после них: I will have tidied up by the time you get back. By the time she finishes work, we will have been waiting for more than an hour.

13.A Исправь ошибки:


1. Dima is typing two reports so far this morning.

2. The sun has been setting in the west.

3. We were working for an hour when the phone rang.

4. Lida had been buying a new laptop last month


13.B Раскрой скобки:

 

1. “Did you find the papers you were looking for? ” “Yes. They _ on my desk all the time.” (be)

2. “What time _ tomorrow? ” “Very early. At 6 o’clock in the morning.” (you/leave)

3. “Lera is very good at her job, isn’t she? ” “Yes. She _ the same job for thirty years.” (do)

4. “When did you see Ira? ” “While I _ at the bus stop yesterday morning.” (wait)

5. “Have you made plans for Saturday yet? ” “Yes, I _ to the cinema with Edgar.” (go)

6. “Where were you at 5 o’clock yesterday? ” “I _ a lecture.” (have)

7. “Did you enjoy your flight? ” “Yes, but I was nervous because I _ before.” (not/fly)

8. “Andrey is going on holiday next week.” “Yes, I know. This time next week he _ to Thailand.” (fly)

9. your report by Friday? ” “Yes, I’ll give it to you on Thursday evening.” (you/ complete)

 

13.C Раскрой скобки:

 

When Oleg (open) the door, he knew someone (be) in the house. Things were different. Earlier that morning, he (see) for him to leave the house. Oleg went into the kitchen. The window was open. He was sure he (close) it earlier. Next, he went into the garden. Oleg knew something very strange (go) on. He went back into the house. He had just got to the top of the stairs when he heard a noise coming from the bedroom. Slowly, he opened the door & there, lying in the middle of the bed, was his sister! She (sleep)! Oleg was very relieved.

 

13.D Dr. Samson is a scientist. He is going on a mission to Saturn with some astronauts. Составь предложения как в примере:

 

1. What have they arranged?

ü leave/ Earth/ on Saturday. They’re leaving Earth on Saturday.

• return/ to Earth/ in two months

2. What will they be doing while they’re there?

ü do/ experiments. They’ll be doing experiments while they’re there.

• collect/ samples to take back to earth

• search/ the planet for signs of life

3. What will they have done by the time they come back?

ü take/ more than 3000 photographs. They’ll have taken more than 3000 photographs.

• walk/ on the surface of the planet

• be/ in space for about 2 months

13.E Life has changed a lot in the past century. Составь предложения как в примере:

1. 100 years ago, people used to eat simple, home-made food. Today, we eat tinned food & pre-packaged meals. In the future, scientists are bound to invent food pills which will replace actual meals.


 

 

2. 100 years ago, people used to

Today, we

In the future, scientists are on the point of invention of

3. 100 years ago, people used to

Today, we

In the future, scientists are bound to invent

4. 100 years ago, people used to

Today, we

In the future, we expect to make

5. 100 years ago, people used to

Today, we

In the future, scientists are on the point of

6. 100 years ago, people used to

Today, we

In the future, we expect to


 

 

CHAPTER14 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN TRANSPORTATION

14.1 Прочитай, письменно переведи текст:

 

State-of-the-art computer technology has undergone an almost incomprehensible transformation, analogous to the evolution from Morse code to e-mail. Although the rudimentary scope, goals, and objectives of the transportation community have not changed significantly, the challenges of technology today are greater than ever before. Within a generation, computers have transformed the everyday tasks of the workforce—computer use has infiltrated almost everywhere. Data management capabilities have greatly enhanced resource management. However, accompanying the positive effects are the challenges of implementing, supporting, and funding these technologies in the world of transportation.

Narrowing the gap between cutting-edge technology and its applications, as well as identifying the missing links for applying technology in transportation will be the ongoing challenge. This paper briefly documents the state-of-the-practice in information systems and technologies for transportation, as well as the developing role of information technology (IT) in the 21st century. This assessment points to potential solutions for technological challenges in such areas as

· Applying information systems and technology in the transportation field;

· Applying system-user interfaces (e.g., interactive graphics) as well as data management and data sharing;

· Using web technologies (Internet, intranets, and extranets) in transportation;

· Prioritizing research, development, and demonstration programs to augment work presently under way;

· Encouraging the use of common information system and information technology semantics and standards in the transportation field;

· Facilitating and monitoring technology transfer as a “user advocate” among transportation organizations, vendors, and universities; and

· Evaluating the impact of computer technologies on transportation organizations, including gains in productivity.

The growing concerns about the application of advanced computer technology in transportation involve the following issues: IT, management, data sharing and interoperability, transportation applications, and information dissemination.

 

14.2 Прочитай, письменно переведи текст IT ISSUES и озаглавь абзацы:

A. Mobile Computing;

B. Consumer Electronics Explosion;

C. Anticipating Future Revolutions in IT;

D. Transportation Applications of Web Technologies;

E. New Philosophies and Techniques for Systems Development;

F. Internet, Intranet, and Extranet Information Technologies.

 


1. In applying web technologies, the focus in the new millennium will be on advances in realtime technologies, such as “zero-latency” and push technologies.

2. The transportation community should emphasize the applications of the Internet, intranets, and extranets in the design, construction, and operation of transportation facilities, specifically in the following areas:

· Data exchange and communication over the Internet or extranets;

· Cross-platform integration of transportation information sources;

· Dynamic generation and presentation of transportation information on the Internet;

· Information dissemination and management using organizations’ intranets; and

· Integration of transportation databases with the Internet, intranets, and extranets.


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