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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
М.В. Жесткова, С.Я. НикитинаСтр 1 из 14Следующая ⇒
М.В. Жесткова, С.Я. Никитина
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ 1 КУРСА ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНЫХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ (Часть 1)
Самара 2010 Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов 1 курса железнодорожных специальностей. Часть 1. – Самара: СамГУПС, 2010. с.
Утверждено на заседании кафедры 1 июня 2010 года, протокол № 9.
Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета университета.
Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов 1 курса железнодорожных специальностей дневной формы обучения. Цель данного пособия заключается в том, чтобы выработать у студентов навыки чтения, адекватного понимания и перевода текстов по специальности широкого профиля, а также активного владения основами грамматической системы современного английского языка.
Составители: Марина Владимировна Жесткова Светлана Яковлевна Никитина
Рецензенты: кандидат педагогических наук И.А. Зайцева (Самарский государственный университет путей сообщения) кандидат филологических наук Н.В. Гончарова (Самарский государственный медицинский университет)
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CONTENTS
Unit One. Higher Education Text A Samara State University of Transport………………………………… Text B Learning at Samara State University of Transport……………………. Grammar Review …………………………………………………………….. to be, to have there + to be Possessive Case Present, Past, Future Simple Active and Passive General and Special Questions
Unit Two. Traveling by Train Text A Mistaken Identity (after M. Twain)…………………………………….. Text B The Man Who Took Notice of all the Notices…………………………. Text С Eurostar................................................................................................... Text for Additional Reading 4.50 from Paddington (after A. Christie)……… Grammar Review ……………………………………………………………… Present, Past, Future Continuous Active and Passive Degrees of Comparison Modal Verbs Equivalents of Modal Verbs Appendix Watch the Film and Discuss It (A) Traveling by “White Nights” Steam Express (Russia)……………….. (B) Traveling through China……………………………………………... (C) Traveling through Andalusia (Spain)………………………………... Краткий грамматический справочник …………………………… Таблица неправильных глаголов ………………………………….. UNIT ONE HIGHER EDUCATION
Text A SAMARA STATE UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT (SSUT)
Ex. 1. Practice the reading of the words and phrases. region, specialist, graduation, towards, company, industry, engineer, comprise, initially, faculty, construction, initiate, technical, structure, vehicle, service, install, kind, cover, event, among, various, recent, foreign, priority, intellectual, science, scientist, miniaturized; higher educational institution, successful career, portfolio of courses and programs, extra-mural education, degree course, computing facilities, postgraduate student.
Ex. 2. Copy the following words and memorize their meanings.
Ex. 3. Translate the nouns into Russian and memorize their meanings. decrease, development, employee, employer, establishment, increase, participation, participant, proposal, suggestion, support, equipment, offer, operation, railway operator.
Ex. 4. Mind the translation of the words develop and development . to develop a project, to develop speed, to develop a system, to develop industry, the development of national economy, the development of new equipment, the development of a system, the development of transport.
Ex. 8. Change one word in each sentence so that it makes sense. 1. You need a password to get support to the computer system. 2. All high-comfort passenger cars are offered with air-conditioning system. 3. Many state-of-the-art vehicles can be seen in the Transport Museum. 4. It is a multi-national corporation with 140, 000 employers worldwide. 5. One of the world’s oldest universities was developed in Egypt in the 10th century. 6. We will need a reference (рекомендательное письмо) from your last participant before we can employ you. 7. The use of modern research makes loading/unloading of freight cars easier and quicker. 8. The stone arch bridge is one of the town’s oldest developments. 9. After the reconstruction of the old railway bridge, the speed of trains will be decreased. 10. Track-laying machines (путеукладчики) and other up-to-date staff are used in railway construction.
Ex. 9. Choose the appropriate alternative to translate the words and phrases. 1. available a) имеющийся в распоряжении b) удобный c) полезный Students’ body a) количество студентов b) здание института с) студенты Students’ hall a) столовая b) концертный зал с) общежитие To enjoy services a) выбирать услуги b) пользоваться услугами с) служить 5. to focus on a) установить фокус b) сосредоточиться с) освещать 6. to grant a status a) предоставить статус b) получить статус с) иметь статус To install a) ставить b) внедрять с) устанавливать To keep fit a) быть в форме b) носить форму с) купить форму To meet the needs a) требовать b) отвечать потребностям с) встречать Former student a) первокурсник b) будущий студент c) бывший студент
Text B LEARNING AT You are a freshman now 1. Do you like being a student? 2. Was it difficult for you to get accustomed (привыкать) to the system of lectures and seminars after the school system of classes? 3. What do you find more useful: lectures of seminars? 4. Do yon always take notes of lectures? 5. Is it difficult or easy for you to follow the lectures? 6. Some lectures are certainly more interesting than others. What does interest depend on? (It depends on the subject of the lecture or the personality of the lecturer) 7. Why are some lectures boring (скучный)? (the subject is boring; the subject is of no importance to you; the subject is too difficult for you to master; you find it hard to concentrate; you are not interested in the subject; you are not yet accustomed to listening to lectures every day; you get tired easily; the lecturer’s manner of speech is monotonous; the lecturer speaks too fast for you to make notes; the lecturer gives no original information; the lecturer’s arguments are too complicated for you) 8. What subjects are included in the first-year program at your faculty? 9. What subject is the most interesting; the least interesting; the one you think the most important; the one you find the most difficult? 10. What must you do to pass your winter exams successfully? 11. What marks do you expect to get? 12. How much time do you spend to prepare your homework? 13. Do you have a lot of spare time? 14. What do you usually do during your spare time?
Grammar Review
Ex. 1. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the verbs to be and to have. Put general and special questions to the underlined words. To be 1. Public transport is a system for transporting passengers from one place to another by road or rail. 2. The top speed of the first steam locomotive was 13 miles per hour. 3. Our train tickets are on the table. Don’t forget to take them. 4. The trains will be late because of an accident near Reading. 5. A lot of passengers waiting for the local train arrival were on the platform. 6. All the underground stations are of the same size: 6 m high, 100 m long, and 18 m wide. 7. In Britain, the penalty (штраф) for traveling without a ticket is £ 200. 8. The next stop of the train will be Doncaster. 9. A total weight of the locomotive is 85.5 tons. 10. The Orient Express was the passenger train running from Paris to Istanbul. The train was famous for its five-course French meals and for its passengers, who were often diplomats, royalty, or government couriers. To have 1. Before 1973, our University had only one faculty. 2. Each Sapsan train has 10 carriages, of which 2 are first-class and 8 are second-class. 3. Tomorrow I will have a meeting with my supervisor about my research topic. 4. Railway cars have a very long service life – from 30 to 40 years. 5. We had unlimited access to all the facilities. 6. The London Underground has 273 stations with more than 470 trains running during peak periods. 7. All the railwaymen had the right of free travel by train once a year. 8. Each railway has two kinds of trains: regular trains and extra trains. 9. In 1840, the US had 2, 800 miles of railroad tracks consisting mainly of short lines. 10. The experimental locomotive will have a test run on a specially built track.
Ex. 2. Read the sentences and translate them, paying attention to the construction there + to be. 1. There is an escalator of only five steps at one of the Tokyo Metro stations. 2. There were no signaling devices at the first railways as there was no need for them. 3. There are four pairs of sliding doors on each side of a Metro car. 4. In April 1998, there was a 300 km traffic jam on the No 4 motorway (the main road from London to Wales) at the end of the Easter holidays. 5. There is one minute left before the train leaves. 6. Several people were injured (травмированы) in a train accident, but there were no fatalities. 7. In Britain, there are three types of passenger trains: fast intercity trains, stopping trains and commuter trains. 8. There will be a scheduled (предусмотренный графиком) train stop for 20 minutes at the next railway station. 9. There is usually a considerable increase in passenger traffic in summer. 10. In Metro, there are special pumps and fans that suck in the air from the street, purify it, and make it warm or cool on its way to the station. 11. Therewere locomotives at both ends of a heavy freight train. 12. Tickets cost £ 3; thereis a £ 1 discount for students.
Ex. 3. Complete the sentences with the verb to be in the required tense form and translate them. 1. There tobe a train at 6.15 and one at 10.30 but nothing in between. (Present) 2. In 1830, there tobe only 64 km of railroad track laid in America. (Past) 3. In the London Metro, there tobe 11 underground lines; each of them has its own color. (Present) 4. On each car of the first Metro trains, there tobe an attendant to operate the doors. (Past) 5. There tobe no trains today because the railroad workers are on strike. (Future) 6. Among the tunnels of the BAM, there tobe two of particular note: a 15-km Muisky tunnel and a 7-km Baikal tunnel. (Present) 7. There tobe one case of derailment of a freight train on a section of line at Bexley, Britain. (Past) 8. Nowadays, there tobe underground railways in 80 cities all over the world. (Present) 9. By 2030, there tobe a total of 1, 528 km of high-speed railway lines capable of handling passenger trains traveling at 350 km/h. (Future) 10. There tobe considerable public disquiet (беспокойство) about the safety of the new high speed trains. (Past) 11. In the US, there tobe a special discount for those passengers who buy return tickets. (Present) 12. On the first railways, there to be no conductors and an engine-driver collected the passengers’ fare (оплата за проезд) himself. (Past)
Train Model One of Moscow designers1 ( to make – Present Simple) micro models of different vehicles. This ( to be – PresentSimple) his hobby. His first model ( to be – PastSimple) a plane. Its weight ( to be – PastSimple) 0.35 gr. It ( to work – PastSimple) and ( to make – PastSimple) several circuits in the air. In the last 10 years, he ( to construct – PastSimple) eight unique working micro models. He ( to make – PastSimple) them of wood with the help of a knife. His collection ( to include –PresentSimple) a little locomotive and a car – 13 cm and 18 cm long respectively. The locomotive ( to consist – PresentSimple) of 2, 566 separate parts and the car – of 1, 035. It ( to take – PastSimple) him four months to study the locomotive design and fifteen months to build this model. The locomotive and the car ( to work – PresentSimple) like full-size models. There ( to be – PresentSimple) even a whistle2 1 mm long. You can control the whole operation from the locomotive.
Notes: 1designer – конструктор; 2whistle – гудок.
UNIT TWO TRAVELING BY TRAIN
Text A MISTAKEN IDENTITY (after M. Twain)
Ex. 10. (A) Practice the following expressions and memorize their meanings. v (We have) nothing left – (У нас) ничего не осталось. v to be in (good, bad) mood – быть в (хорошем, плохом) настроении v to be at smb.’s disposal – быть в чьём-либо распоряжении v to be of service to smb. – оказывать услугу кому-либо v to make smb. comfortable – помочь кому-либо устроиться v to make oneself comfortable – устроиться (удобно)
(B) Read the sentences and translate them. 1. I’ve only got a few dollars left. 2. There were a couple of vacant seats left at the back of the bus. 3. Hurry up! We don’t have much time left. 4. Nothing was left of the house. 5. Suddenly, for the first time in months, I found myself in a very good mood. 6. The good weather put him in an excellent mood. 7. The boss is in a bad mood, you’d better come some other time. 8. He is in a much better mood than usual. 9. Jasper had a lot of cash at his disposal. 10. The company’s car was at my disposal. 11. Please allow me to be of service to you. 12. We try to make ourselves comfortable on the hard bench, but there is no back to lean against. 13. Look, why don’t you sit down and make yourself comfortable? 14. Come in and make yourself comfortable.
Ex. 11. (A) Pay attention to the phrase: (I) asked … if (I) could …. (Я) спросил (поинтересовался), могу ли (я) ….
1. I asked the clerk in the booking office if I could change my ticket. 2. I asked my traveling companion if he could help me to put my suitcase on the luggage rack. 3. The conductor asked me if I could take the upper berth. 4. The old lady asked the porter if he could carry her luggage to the taxi stop. 5. The passenger asked the official in the information bureau if he could tell why the train was being late.
(B) Make your own sentences, using the phrase given above.
Mistaken Identity
(I) Several years ago I arrived in New York, where I was to change trains and take a sleeper1. There were crowds of people on the platform; they were all trying to get on the long sleeper train, which was already crowded. I asked the young man in the booking office if I could have a sleeping-berth. The answer was: “No”. I went off and asked another local official2 if I could have some poor little corner somewhere in a sleeping car. The man interrupted me angrily saying: “No, you can’t, every corner is full. Do not bother me any more”. He turned his back and walked off. I felt so hurt that I said to my companion: “If these people knew who I was, they….” But my companion stopped me there: “Don’t talk such nonsense. If they knew who you were, do you think it would help you to get a vacant seat in a train which has no vacant seats in it? ” My friend’s words did not improve my mood, but then I noticed that the porter of a sleeping car was looking at me. I saw the expression of his face suddenly change. Pointing at me, the porter whispered something to the conductor. I realized that I was being talked about. (II) The conductor came forward, his face all politeness. “Can I be of any service to you? ” he asked. “Do you want a place in a sleeping car? ” “Yes, ” I said. “I will be very grateful to you if you can give me a place, anything will do.” “We have nothing left except the big family compartment, ” the conductor continued, “with two berths and a couple of arm-chairs in it. It is entirely at your disposal3. Here, Tom, take these suitcases aboard! ” Then he touched his hat and went off. (III) The porter made us comfortable in the compartment and then he said, with many bows and smiles: “Is there anything you want, sir? Because you can have anything you want.” “Can I have some hot water? ” I asked. “Yes, sir, I’ll get it myself.” “Good! Well…, this lamp is too high above the berth. Can I have a better lamp fixed at the head of my bed below the luggage rack, so that I can read comfortably? ” “Yes, sir. The lamp you want is being fixed in the next compartment. I will get it from there and fix it here. It will burn all night long. Sir, you can ask for anything you want – the whole railroad will be turned inside out to please you.” After that he disappeared. (IV) I smiled at my companion and said: “Well, what do you say now? Didn’t their attitude change the moment they understood I was Mark Twain? ” My companion did not answer. So I added: “Don’t you like the way you are being served? And all for the same fare.” As I was saying this, the porter’s smiling face appeared in the doorway and this speech followed: “Oh, sir, I recognized you the minute I set my eyes on you.” “Is that so, my boy? ” I said, handing him a good tip. “And who am I? ” “Mr. McClellan, Mayor of New York, ” was the answer, and the porter disappeared again.
Notes: 1sleeper (train) = overnight train – ночной поезд; 2official – служащий; 3at your disposal – к вашим услугам.
Text B THE MAN WHO TOOK NOTICE OF ALL THE NOTICES
To forbid – запрещать. 1. These glasses allow you to see the film in 3D format. 2. We do not allow smoking in the hall. 3. Railcard is a card that can be bought at train stations in Britain by students and people over 60. It allows them to buy train tickets at a reduced price for a period of one year. 4. Radios are not permitted in the library. 5. Visitors are not permitted to take photographs in the church. 6. We hope to visit the castle, if time permits. 7. The password permits access to all files on the hard disk. 8. Cash machines permit you to withdraw (снимать) money at any time. 9. I would like to go to Europe this summer, but my parents won’t let me. 10. Let me help to you to put the suitcase on the luggage rack. 11. The management forbids employees to accept tips from customers. 12. The United States has forbidden the use of federal funds for human cloning research.
Ex. 5. Practice the phrase: It doesn’t matter … – Не имеет значения … 1. It doesn't matter what you wear – you should look neat and tidy. 2. Does it matter what I think? 3. We’ve missed the train. – It doesn't matter, there’s another one in 10 minutes. 4. Well, what were you saying about John? – Forget it, it doesn’t matter. 5. It doesn’t matter if you’re a few minutes late. We’ll wait for you. 6. It doesn’t matter what other people think. You should do what you think is best. Text С EUROSTAR Eurostar
Eurostar is the high-speed passenger train operating from London to Paris and Brussels via the Channel Tunnel. It is run by a consortium of French railways (SNCF), Belgian railways (SNCB) and Eurostar UK Ltd. The train started running in 1994. Don’t confuse Eurostar with Eurotunnel, whose trains carry motor cars, lorries and coaches from one side of the Channel to the other. Eurostar does not carry cars, just passengers. London to Paris by Eurostar is 495 km (about 307 miles); it takes about 2 hours 15 minutes to run from centre to centre at 186 mph. The service is operated by the eighteen-carriage Class 373 trains consisting of 2nd and 1st class cars. Eurostar is completely non-smoking. Between autumn 2004 and autumn 2005 all Eurostars were refurbished with a new interior design. In 1st class cars the fare includes an excellent hot airline-style 3-course meal and complimentary (= free) alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, all served at your seat. Two bar cars are at passengers’ disposal. They are located in cars 6 and 13 and serve tea, coffee, hot chocolate, beer, wine, sandwiches, crisps and hot snacks. The bar accepts credit cards as well as cash. You can eat and drink in the bar area (standing space only, there are no seats) or take your meal back to your seat. All seats on Eurostar must be reserved in advance. If you book your ticket at www.eurostar.com, you can choose which seat in which car you want. If you want a power socket for a mobile or laptop, choose cars 5 or 14 in 2nd class. In first class, all cars have these facilities. If you have small children, book seats in cars 1 or 18 (2nd class). These cars are at each end of the train, so less people walk through them to the bar. These cars have bays (= compartments) of 4 seats (with or without a table, your choice), which are much better for families than face-to-back airline-style seating. Children under 4 go free on Eurostar. A special child fare applies to children from 4 to 11 inclusive. Children aged 12 and over travel at the adult fare. All children under 12 must travel accompanied by an adult. Unfortunately, you cannot take dogs or other pets on Eurostar, except for guide dogs. Unlike traveling by air, you don’t check in your bags when traveling by Eurostar. You keep them with you, placing small or medium size bags on the luggage racks above your head. Larger bags are placed on the big racks at the end of the coach. Also unlike air travel, there’s no weight limit. All bags taken onto Eurostar must have a label showing your name and surname. The London terminal has a left luggage office, where you can leave your luggage. Bags are X-rayed before deposit. The Paris terminal has left luggage lockers. A small locker costs 4.50 euros, a suitcase-sized locker about 7.50 euros for 24 hours, and a locker for two large suitcases around 9.50 euros. There’s a change machine, which can convert 10, 20 or 50 euro banknotes into the coins needed for the lockers. The Brussels terminal has both luggage lockers and a left luggage office.
Ex. 8. Each of the sentences below is followed by two paraphrases. Decide which paraphrase (a, b) is closer in meaning to the original statement. Translate the original statement and the paraphrases into Russian. Text For Additional Reading Have you ever read any English books in the original? Below you will find an extract from the Agatha Christie’s detective novel “4.50 from Paddington”. You are free to choose between the original variant and the adapted one. Original text From Paddington (after A. Christie)
Mrs. McGillicuddy was going along the platform, trying to catch up with the porter who was carrying her suitcase. Mrs. McGillicuddy was burdened with a large number of parcels; the result of a day’s Christmas shopping. Platform No 1 was rather crowded; people were rushing in several directions at once, to and from undergrounds, left-luggage offices, tea-rooms, information bureaus, indicator boards, to the outside world.
At that moment, a loud voice burst into speech over her head. “The train standing at Platform 3” the voice told her, “is the 4.50 for Brackhampton, Milchester and Roxeter. Passengers for Brackhampton travel at the rear of the train. Passengers for Carvil change at Roxeter”. The voice shut itself off with a click and then reopened conversation by announcing the arrival at Platform No. 9 of the 4.00 from Birmingham. Mrs. McGillicuddy found her ticket and presented it. The man clipped it, murmured: “On the right-rear portion.” Mrs. McGillicuddy found her porter outside the door of a third-class carriage. “Here you are, lady.” – “I’m traveling first-class, ” said Mrs. McGillicuddy. “You didn’t say so, ” grumbled the porter. He took the suitcase and marched with it to the adjoining coach. The 4.50 was almost empty, as the first-class passengers preferred either the faster morning express or the 6.40 with a dining car. Mrs. McGillicuddy handed the porter his tip, which he received with disappointment, considering it more suitable to third-class than to first-class travel. But Mrs. McGillicuddy, though prepared to spend money on comfortable travel after a night journey from the North and a day’s feverish shopping, was at no time an extravagant tipper. She made herself comfortable on the plush cushions with a sigh and opened a magazine. Five minutes later, whistles blew, and the train started. Three minutes later she was asleep. She slept for forty minutes and awoke refreshed. It was quite dark now. “Serving last tea now, ” said an attendant, opening the corridor door. But Mrs. McGillicuddy had already had tea at a large department store. She looked up at the rack where her various parcels reposed, with a pleased expression. Her satisfied gaze returned to the window; a train traveling in the opposite direction rushed by with a screech, making the windows rattle. The train passed through a station. Then it began suddenly to slow down, probably in obedience to a signal. For some minutes it crawled along, stopped; and then began to move forward again, gathering speed. For a time two trains ran parallel, now one gaining a little, now the other. Mrs. McGillicuddy looked from her window through the windows of the parallel carriages. Most of the blinds were down, but occasionally the passengers of the carriages were visible. The other train was not very full and there were many empty coaches. Suddenly in one of the compartments of the passing train Mrs. McGillicuddy saw a man. His hands were round the throat of a woman who faced him; he was slowly, remorselessly strangling her…
Adapted text From Paddington (after A. Christie)
Mrs. McGillicuddy was going along the platform, trying to catch up with the porter who was carrying her suitcase. Mrs. McGillicuddy was burdened with a large number of parcels; the result of a day’s Christmas shopping. Platforms were crowded; people were rushing in several directions at once, to and from undergrounds, left-luggage offices, tea-rooms, information bureaus, indicator boards, to the outside world. At long last At that moment, she heard a loud announcement: “The train standing at Platform 3 is the 4.50 for Brackhampton, Milchester and Roxeter. Passengers for Brackhampton travel at the rear of the train. Passengers for Carvil change at Roxeter”. The voice clicked off and then reopened by announcing the arrival of the 4.00 from Birmingham at Platform No 9. The conductor clipped the ticket and let the elderly lady in. Mrs. McGillicuddy found her porter outside the door of a third-class carriage. “Here you are, lady.” - “I’m traveling first-class, ” said Mrs. McGillicuddy. “You didn’t say so, ” grumbled the porter. He took the suitcase and marched with it to the first-class coach. The 4.50 was almost empty, because the first-class passengers preferred either the faster morning express or the 6.40 with a dining car. Mrs. McGillicuddy handed the porter his tip, which he received with disappointment, considering it more suitable to third-class than to first-class travel. But Mrs. McGillicuddy, though prepared to spend money on comfortable travel after a night journey from the North and a day’s intense shopping, was at no time an extravagant tipper. She made herself comfortable and opened a magazine. Five minutes later, the train started. Three minutes later she was asleep. She slept for forty minutes and awoke refreshed. It was quite dark now. “Serving last tea now, ” said the conductor, opening the corridor door. But Mrs. McGillicuddy had already had tea at a large department store. She looked at the window and saw a train traveling in the opposite direction. The train passed through a station, then it began to slow down and stopped. In some minutes it started to move forward again, gathering speed. For some time, two trains ran parallel. Mrs. McGillicuddy looked from her window through the windows of the parallel carriages. The other train was not very full and there were many empty coaches. Suddenly in one of the compartments of the passing train Mrs. McGillicuddy saw a man. His hands were round the throat of a woman who faced him; he was slowly strangling her… Grammar Review
On the Platform The train to stop at a small station. A passenger to look out of the window and to see two women who to sell cakes. The man to want to buy a cake. The women to stand rather far from the carriage. The man to call a boy, who to walk on the platform near the carriage and to ask him: “How much does the cake cost? ” “Three pence, sir”, to answer the boy. The man to give him sixpence and to say to him: “Bring me a cake and with the other three pence buy one for yourself”. Some minutes later, the boy to return. He to eat the cake. He to give the man three pence change and to say: “There to be only one cake, sir”.
To have to 1. The attention of the railway authorities of all countries has to be focused on the development of high-speed passenger and freight service. 2. As the computer is still under guarantee, I will not have to pay for the repairs. 3. While building the railway in Siberia, the workers had to overcome (преодолеть) many difficulties. 4. Passengers traveling from Moscow to Vladivostok have to move the hands of their watches several times because the Trans-Siberian Mainline crosses several time zones. 5. Dining cars first appeared in the late 1870s. Until this time, the trains had to stop for meals at restaurants along the way. 6. There’s a direct train to Leeds. It may stop at other stations but you do not have to change trains. 7. As there were some defects in the train power supply system, the train had to be removed from service. 8. Switches are necessary where a train has to be moved from one track to another. 9. I will have to pay 50 rubles extra for my luggage because it is overweight. 10. In Japan, passengers have to go through a gate (пропускной пункт) to enter the platform area. Passengers have to show their tickets to a station clerk at the gate and they will also have to show their tickets at a ticket gate after they deboard a train and exit the platform area. To be to 1. This section of the track is to be reconstructed. 2. We were to leave for England on Saturday, but because of the delay with our visas we had to book tickets for Monday. 3. All the materials used for the railway car refurbishment are to comply with (соответствовать) fire safety standards. 4. In England, the speed of the first cars was not to exceed 4 mph. 5. Modern railways are to be completely automated to provide high-speed transportation. 6. At the Metro terminus (конечная станция), the driver is to move to the other end of the trainset. To be able to 1. If the train comes in time, I will be able to watch the football match. 2. The first passenger trains didn’t travel very far, but they were able to transport more passengers over longer distances than any horse-powered wagons. 3. At the large terminal, passengers are able to book hotel or transport, to buy tickets for sporting and cultural events, to telephone or send mail to anywhere in the world, to hold a business meeting, to obtain information of interest and so on. 4. The new British train will be able to develop a very high speed, as it is equipped with more powerful engines. 5. For more than a hundred years, railways were able to maintain their dominant position in the field of transportation. To be allowed to 1. If the signal is red, the train isn’t allowed to continue its running. 2. At this small station, passengers will not be allowed to get off the car because the train will stop for 2 minutes only. 3. You are allowed to carry 20kgs of baggage unless indicated otherwise on your ticket. 4. According to the customs (таможня) regulations, a passenger wasn’t allowed to carry more than ten packs of cigarettes. 5. In some companies, the staff is not allowed to use the Internet for personal purpose during business hours.
Ex. 15. Read the sentences, replacing the modal verbs with their equivalents. 1. Passengers must show their tickets when they go on the train. 2. You may take any of these instruments; I do not need them now. 3. The car, which you could see at the exhibition, will be used on international railway lines. 4. This railway line must be converted from diesel to electric traction next year. 5. Passengers may have up to three pieces of hand luggage. 6. Thanks to wide sliding doors in Metro cars, passengers can get on and off the train quickly. 7. As trains are becoming heavier and longer, more powerful locos must be used. 8. We could not repair the car ourselves and had to take it to the auto-service station. 9. On weekdays, cars may not enter the centre of the city. 10. If you buy train tickets in advance (заранее), you must pay some extra money. 11. Steam locomotives could not haul very heavy trains at a high speed. 12. Such freight as dry chemicals, grain, sugar or mineral fertilizers(удобрения) must be transported in covered hoppers.
Possessive Case Существительное в притяжательном падеже является определением к последующему существительному и отвечает на вопрос whose? (чей? ) ü Притяжательный падеж существительных в единственном числе образуется при помощи апострó фа и окончания -s (my friend’s letter – письмо моего друга). ü Притяжательный падеж существительных во множественном числе образуется с помощью только апострó фа (my friends’ letter – письмо моих друзей). В притяжательном падеже чаще всего употребляются: 1. существительные, обозначающие одушевлённые предметы Stephenson’s locomotive локомотив Стефенсона our secretary’s office офис нашего секретаря 2. существительные, обозначающие названия стран, городов Russia’s Minister of Transport министр транспорта России Great Britain’s railways железные дороги Британии 3. существительные, обозначающие меры времени, расстояния, веса five kilometers’ distance расстояние в 5 километров two hours’ work двухчасовая работа 4. существительные world, earth, country, nation, city, ship, train, company, firm, corporation, bank, commission, computer, etc. company’s annual profits ежегодные доходы компании commission’s decision решение комиссии 5. наречия времени today, yesterday, tomorrow yesterday’s meeting вчерашнее собрание
Основные формы глагола Глагол в английском языке имеет четыре основные формы. По способу образования второй и третьей форм глаголы делятся на правильные (стандартные) и неправильные (нестандартные).
Таблица временных форм глагола
Таблица временных форм глагола to ask
Примечания: ü Если сказуемое выражено глаголом в страдательном залоге, то подлежащее переводится на русский язык существительным или местоимением в форме винительного или дательного падежа. He was asked to buy tickets. – Его попросили купить билеты. The coach was asked many questions. – Тренеру задали много вопросов.
ü В английском предложении за сказуемым в форме страдательного залога может следовать предлог. При переводе на русский язык этот предлог ставится перед подлежащим. This new project is much spoken about. – Об этом новом проекте много говорят.
Перевод глагола to write в разных временных формах:
Equivalents of Modal Verbs
I missed the commuter train and I had to go by bus. – Я опоздал на электричку, и мне пришлось ехать на автобусе. The management was totake measures to reduce the power consumption. – Руководство было вынуждено принять меры, чтобы сократить потребление электроэнергии. You are able to go by train or rent a car. – Ты можешь поехать на поезде или взять машину напрокат. Passengers aren't allowed to smoke in the compartment. – Пассажирам запрещено курить в купе. Примечание: ü В отрицательной форме конструкция to have to (don’t have to; doesn’t have to; didn’t have to; won’t have to) переводится не нужно, нет необходимости.
Since the tape-recorder is still under guarantee, you don’t have to pay for the repairs. – Так как гарантийный срок службы магнитофона ещё не закончился, вам не нужно платить за ремонт.
ТАБЛИЦА НЕПРАВИЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ
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Mrs. McGillicuddy and her parcels were buffeted to and fro, but she arrived at last at the entrance to Platform No 3 and deposited one parcel at her feet while she was looking her bag for the ticket that would enabled her to pass stern uniformed guardian at the gate.
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