Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание, что глагол-сказуемое выражает разные степени необходимости.

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1. Time available has to be used for processing lower prioirity tasks.

2. Do you have to assume a model of a particular type?

3. You should study the instruction.

4. The evolution of computers hardware is to influence programming languages.

5. The Internet is to offer a rapidly growing collection of information.

6. It is necessary to develop a new model.

7. It was necessary to come back to the history.

8. It is necessary to examine the factors.

Переведите следующие «цепочки существительных». Запомните, что переводить ряд существительных, не связанных предлогами, следует, как правило, с конца.

Power consumption, power consumption change, signals manipulation, transistor invention, circuit functions, communication systems, data processing system, integrated circuits development, science field, process control, automatization processes control, circuit components, size reduction, electronics development, communication means, problem solution, space exploration, customers accounts, air traffic control.

Преобразуйте предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы в прошедшее и будущее время (The Past Simple and The Future Simple).

1. Computers can replace people in dull routine work.

2. The program is a set of instructions that may also include data to be processed.

3. Computer-controlled robots must increase the productivity of industry.

4. They can help in making different decisions.

5. The pupils may work with computers at the lessons.

6. Electric pulses can move at the speed of light.

7. Storage devices must have capacities for the input, output data and programs and for intermediate results.

8. Business minicomputers can perform to 100 million operations per second.

9. In order to solve scientific problems researchers must deal with the language of science – mathematics.

10. Programmers must write application programs in a way that computers can understand.

LESSON № 2

1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:

PERSONAL COMPUTER AND ITS TRENDS

The first personal computer (PC) was put on the market in 1975.

Today the personal computer can serve as a work station for the individual. Moreover, just as it has become financially feasible to provide a computer for the individual worker, so also technical developments have made the interface between man and machine increasingly “friendly”, so that a wide array of computer functions are now accessible to people with no technical background.

A personal computer is a small computer based on a microprocessor; it is a microcomputer. Not all microcomputers, however, are personal computers. A microcomputer can be dedicated to a single task such as controlling a machine tool or metering the injection of fuel into an automobile engine; it can be a word processor, a video game or a “pocket computer” that is not quite a computer. A personal computer is something different: a stand-alone computer that puts a wide array of capabilities at the disposal of an individual.

The first generation of true personal computers, which came on the market between 1977 and 1981, had eight-bit microprocessor chips available, and soon they were included in complete computer systems. As for clock frequency, the trend has been from one megahertz (one million cycles per second) a few years ago to 10 megahertz or more today.

The earliest computers were developed during the Second World War for specific defense applications – some of the first computers were used to calculate artillery firing coordinates – these systems did not become commercially marketable for a number of reasons: they were special-purpose, designed for military applications; they were extremely large, occupying huge warehouses; they consumed enormous amounts of electricity, generated immense amounts of heat, required tons of chilled air, and broke down every few hours.

The first commercial systems were installed in the 1950s and ran such “business” applications as accounting, billing and payroll and inventory control. This was a logical first step in the application of computers to solve business-related problems.

These early computer system processed data in batches, that is, they executed one program at a time and handled transactions (say, an accounting entry, such as payment of a bill) one at a time from a predefined sequence of transactions. They required considerable amounts of manual intervention and the applications they performed were limited in scope.

The computers of the 1950s also tended to be physically large, internally slow, and somewhat unreliable in terms of system availability. They used vacuum tubes which limited their price-performance ratio and, thus, both the numbers and kinds of applications that were run on them.

The next major advance in systems came in the early 1960s, with the invention of the transistor and its implementation in the next generation of computers.

These systems were smaller, faster and more reliable.

In the 1970s, the arrival of integrated circuitry resulted in fast and reliable computer systems. Advances in operating systems technology precipitated the rapid spread of multi-user systems, and data communications systems enabled more and more applications to be accessed from remote locations by employees working at CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) terminals. The applications began to provide information that resulted in a wide range of benefits, from significantly improved customer service to tighter management control over widely dispersed operations and functions.

In the 1980s, the microcomputer brought low-cost computer power to virtually anyone who wishes to use it.

In the decade of 1990s, administrative applications evolved into tools for the strategic use of an organization’s information assets to create a competitive advantage for the organization. Advances in electronic technology improved the cost-performance of computer systems; they continued to shrink in size and increase in power.

Words:

A wide array of computer functions – широкий спектр функций компьютера

Accessible – доступный

Technical background – техническое образование

Capability – способность

Disposal – размещение, устранение

Implementation – оборудование

Составьте аннотацию к тексту «Personal computer and its trends», используя определенные клише.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в действительном или страдательном залоге.

1. Computers (applied, are applied, are applying) for automatic piloting and automatic navigation.

2. The programs (write, have written, are written) to help people in the use of the computer system.

3. As digital computers (count, counted, are counted) quickly, they widely (use, used, are used) in business data processing.

4. Once data (entered, have entered, have been entered) correctly into the data processing system, the possibility of error (reduced, is reduced, are reduced).

5. It is known that an analyst (use, uses, is used) a computer to solve specific problems.

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на употребление глагола-сказуемого в пассивном залоге.

1. The work of power stations is controlled by electronic devices.

2. New phenomena of nature are discovered by electronic devices.

3. The transistor was invented by American scientists in 1948.

4. The concept of integrating device was developed by Jack Kilby.

5. The size of devices was greatly reduced by integrated circuits.

6. New ways for the improvement of integrated circuits technology are being looked by scientists.

7. Man’s intellectual power has been extended by electronics.

Образуйте и переведите имена существительные от приведенных ниже глаголов с помощью суффиксов.

A. –er, or

To control, to compute, to design, to use, to manufacture, to work, to stimulate, to operate, to protect, to process, to deal, to program, to transmit, to print, to record.

B. –tion, -sion

To organize, to collect, to combine, to represent, to transact, to compute, to produce, to add, to invent, to correct, to inform, to substitute, to operate.

C. –ment

To require, to measure, to equip, to invest, to improve, to develop, to achieve, to move, to displace.

LESSON № 3

1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:

DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONICS

Electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics dealing with the design and application of electronic circuits. The operation of circuits depends on the flow of electrons for generation, transmission, reception and storage of information.

Today it is difficult to imagine our life without electronics. It surrounds us everywhere. Electronic devices are widely used in scientific research and industrial designing, they control the work of plants and power stations, calculate he trajectories of spaceships and help the people discover new phenomena of nature. Automatization of production processes and studies on living organisms became possible due to electronics.

The invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20^th century was the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. Vacuum tubes assisted in manipulation of signals. The development of a large variety of tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the progress in radio communication technology before the World War II and in the creation of early computers during and shortly after the war.

The transistor invented by American scientists W. Shockly, J. Bardeen and W. Brattan in 1948 completely replaced the vacuum tube. The transistor, a small piece of a semiconductor with three electrodes, had great advantages over the best vacuum tubes. It provided the same functions as the vacuum tube but at reduces weight, cost, power consumption, and with high reliability. With the invention of the transistor all essential circuit functions could be carried out inside solid bodies. The aim of creating electronic circuits with entirely solid-state components had finally been realized. Early transistors could respond at a rate of a few million times a second. This was fast enough to serve in radio circuits, but far below the speed needed for high-speed computers or for microwave communication systems.

The progress in semiconductor technology led to the development of the integrated circuit (IC), which was discovered due to the efforts of John Kilby in 1958. There appeared a new field of science – integrated electronics. The essence of it is batch processing. Instead of making, testing and assembling descrete components on a chip one at a time, large groupings of these components together with their interconnections were made all at a time. IC greatly reduced the size of devices, lowered manufacturing costs and at the same time they provided high speed and increased reliability.

2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. What is electronics?

2. Where are electronic devices used?

3. What was the beginning of electronics development?

4. What is the transistor?

5. When was the transistor invented?

6. When were integrated circuits discovered?

7. What advantages did the transistors have over the vacuum tubes?

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