Task VII. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

1. Judges ought to act according to the law.

2. You will have to do this work now.

3. The investigator should be able to use all the evidence to prove this case.

4. Both parents are obliged to support their children. In case of divorce one of the parents is to pay alimony through court.

5. You will have to make a speech at the meeting.

6. Did you have to sign anything?

Task VIII. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя необходимые по смыслу модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

1. Свидетель обвинения смог узнать подозреваемого в ограблении.

2. Согласно американской конституции конгресс должен состоять из двух палат: сената и палаты представителей.

3. Лекция по административному праву должна была состояться вчера.

4. Жюри присяжных можно определить как орган состоящий из 12 человек, собираемый для вынесения вердикта.

5. Осужденный должен быть отправлен в тюрьму.

Task IX. Поставьте глагол в скобках в нужную форму сослагательного наклонения и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Under criminal law a person (may/be held) criminally responsible if he (to reach) the age of 16.

2. There (to be) a reduction in juvenile delinquency if the parents (to take) more care of their children’s education.

3. If the offender (to be) under 14 he (to be tired) by a juvenile court.

4. If the juvenile (not to be found) guilty then, he (to be released).

5. If these facts (to be fully appreciated) by the judge, the trial (to take) a different course then.

Task X.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на сказуемые в сослагательном наклонении.

1. Если свидетель не является в суд без уважительной причины, он может быть насильственно доставлен милицией.

2. Если человек нарушает закон, он будет наказан.

3. Если бы термин «международный преступник» был бы основан на какой-либо правовой концепции, мы бы признали существования такого понятия, как международная преступность.

4. Если бы я был юристом, я бы объяснил вам этот закон.

5. Если бы смерть того лица вызывала подозрение тогда, врач сообщил бы об этом факте коронеру.

Task XI. Разделите текст на несколько частей, и озаглавьте каждую из них.

Task XII. Составьте пять типов вопросов к тексту.

Вариант III

THE LEGAL SYSTEM

For all ordinary law and order each state has responsibility in its own territory. The federal courts - and hence the Federal Bureau of Investigation, federal police and prisons-are involved only in matters outside the individual states' jurisdiction (such as federal income tax) and in cases arising under the U.S. Constitution. This last category is the most interesting; if a person convicted by a state court system can produce evidence that the rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution were infringed by some aspect of his or her arrest, questioning or trial, a federal court can review that evidence and cither uphold the sentence or overturn it. So too with allegations of " cruel and unusual punishment" inflicted under the authority of a state.

Nearly all cases involving disputes about property or divorce, or murder, theft, assault or traffic offences great and small, are dealt with by the relevant state's hierarchy of city, county and state courts, police and prisons, in accordance with state law. Each state has a supreme court of appeal, but otherwise the systems vary.

The legal system is based on Common Law, brought across from England, and on the laws and ordinances passed by state legislatures and by other bodies to which state power has been delegated.

Anglo-American Common Law is based on the supposed reasonable person's view of what is right and fair. It has been likened to a wall, with bricks being added to it from time to time in the form of court decisions and notices stuck on it in the form of statutes. Each decision creates a precedent, and for any particular case a court must, as far as practicable, follow a precedent set by higher courts' previous decision. But most of the wall is by now covered with notices, specifically, statutes, etc.

Most, but not all, of the law in force is statute law, and the legislators have tried to ensure that the meaning of the statutes is quite clear. However, there is still plenty of scope for argument in courts about the application of statute or Common Law to particular cases, and an army of lawyers earn high fees for doing this work. States vary in the quality of legal help available for accused persons who have not the means to pay the fees themselves.

In some states judges are publicly elected, in others they are appointed by state governors or by special bodies such as judicial councils - though except at the lowest levels only lawyers are eligible for election or appointment. Some judges hold office for fixed periods, but others are installed for life or up to a retiring age; or there may be provision for " recall". Under this arrangement a group of people dissatisfied with a judge may collect signatures on a " recall" petition, and if the signatures reach the required number the people of the state (or county) vote " yes" or " no" to the question whether the impugned judge should he confirmed in office.

Notes:

The Federal Bureau of Investigations – Федеральное Бюро Расследований

to infringe – нарушать

to uphold the sentence – поддержать приговор

to overturn the sentence – опровергать (отклонять) приговор

allegation – голословное утверждение; заявление

to inflict – налагать (наказание); навязывать; причинять (боль, страдания, убыток)

relevant – уместный; относящийся к делу

ordinance – указ, декрет, постановление

fee – гонорар, вознаграждение

eligible – могущий быть избранным; подходящий

to install – официально вводить в должность; устраивать, помещать

recall – призывать обратно, отзывать; отменять (приказ)

to impugn – оспаривать, опровергать, ставить под сомнение

Task I. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is each state responsible for?

2. What matters are the federal courts /the state courts responsible for?

3. Give the examples of the cases arising under the US Constitution?

4. What is the legal system based on?

5. What principles is Anglo-American Common law based on?

6. Give the definition of the word “precedent”.

7. What do you know about judges?

8. What can people do if they are dissatisfied with a judge?

Task II. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и выражения:

- individual state’s jurisdiction;

- to produce evidence;

- to uphold the sentence;

- to overturn the sentence;

- supreme court;

- previous;

- application;

- accused;

- to hold office;

- to collect signatures.

Task III. Заполните пропуски предлогами:

to be involved … matters outside the individual states’ jurisdiction; to deal …; … accordance …; to be based …; to be linked.. the wall; to be … force; … time …time; to be covered …; to vary … quality; legal help available … accused persons; to be eligible … elections; to be installed … life; provisions … “recall”; … this arrangement; to be dissatisfied … a judge; to collect signatures … a “recall petition”; to be confirmed … office.

Task IV. Выберите из текста словосочетания со следующими словами:

law, sentence, court, statute, legal, judicial, judge

Task V. Найдите в тексте следующие слова и выражения на английском языке.

ответственность, Федеральное Бюро Расследований, тюрьма, подоходный налог, показания, нарушать права, приговор, собственность, развод, убийство, кража, нападение, справедливый, зарабатывать высокие гонорары, правовая (юридическая) помощь, верховный суд, назначение, пребывать в должности;

Task VI. Перепишите предложения, определите в них Причастие I или герундий. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Being recognized by many countries the principle of peaceful co-existence is the most important principle of international law.

2. The task of the police was finding the thief and recovering the stolen property.

3. Having won the victory over fascist Germany our country began to fight against fascist Japan.

4. The juvenile was found guilty of having committed a murder.

5. Upon receiving the summons, the witness must appear before the investigator or in court.

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