From The History of Law Systems

Part II

Продолженные времена (Continuous Tenses)

	Present	Past	Future
	Образование: to be + ing-form
Утвердительная форма множ. единств. число число	I am writing you are writing he she is writing it we are writing you are writing they are writing	I was writing you were writing he she was writing it we were writing you were writing they were writing	I shall be writing you will be writing he she will be writing it we shall be writing you will be writing they will be writing
Вопросительная форма множ. единств. число число	Am I writing? Are you writing he Is she writing? it Are we writing? Are you writing? Are they writing?	Was I writing? Were you writing? he Was she writing? it Were we writing? Were you writing? Were they writing?	Shall I be writing? Will you be writing? he Will she be writing? it Shall we be writing? Will you be writing? Will they be writing?
Отрицательная форма множ. единств. число число	I am not writing you are not writing he she is not writing it we are not writing you are not writing they are not writing	I was not writing? you were not writing he she was not writing it we were not writing you were not writing they were not writing	I shall not be writing you will not be writing he she will not be writing it we shall not be writing you will not be writing they will not be writing

Примечание: глаголы to see, to hear, to forget, to remember, to believe, to be, to seem, to know, to want, to like, to love, to understand в Continuous Tenses не употребляются.

Упр. 1. Запомните обстоятельства времени, с которыми обычно употребляются:

Present Continuous – now, at the present moment, at this moment;

Past Continuous – at that time yesterday, at 5 o’clock yesterday, when he came;

Future Continuous – at this time tomorrow, when she comes, at 3 o’clock tomorrow.

Упр. 2. Определите грамматическое время в следующих предложениях:

1. The Government is taking a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system. 2. The judge is asking you about the events o that day. 3. He was questioning the suspect about his friendship with the dead man when he realized the seriousness of the case. 4. They shall be discussing the details of the case at that moment tomorrow. 5. The police caught the burglar when he was trying to escape. 6. Mick Rodger, the investigator, was wondering who could steal computer designs. 7. He is trying to guess if the glass had been broken. 8. They are planning to rob the Royal Bank of Scotland at Rothesay. 9. Law and order is breaking down in some inner –city areas. 10. The statistics show that the crime rate is increasing by 1% for the time being.

Упр. 3. Употребите глагол to be (am, is, are, was, were, will be) в качестве вспомогательного глагола для Present, Past, Future Continuous:

1. The police … investigating the case involving death and serious injury. 2. The investigator … trying to find out the causes of the air crash. 3. He … listening to witness Mr. O’ Neal about the incident in the police-hall. 4. Mr. Jenkin admitted that Mrs. Gletchmond … watching and tracing him in the shop. 5. The defending counsel … cross-examining the witness while the jury … thinking about their decision. 6. I saw a woman who … talking to the security officer. 7. The judge … waiting for the policeman to bring the witness. 8. All the newspapers …reporting the accident. 9. They said the Queen … considering abdication. 10. At this time tomorrow the members of the House of Commons … passing the bill.

Упр.4. Завершите диалог, поставив глаголы в скобках в Past Continuous или Past Indefinite:

Reporter: What was the cause of the accident, Officer?

Officer: Well, it looks like there were many causes. First of all, when the accident (occur), the driver (drive) much too fast. The driver is a suspect in a burglary, and she (leave) town. While she (drive), she (speak) to someone on her car phone. When she (see) the pedestrian, she immediately (step) on the breaks, but it was too late. The victim wasn’t paying attention, either. First of all, he didn’t wait for the traffic light to change. He (cross) against a red light when the car (hit) him. He (not see) the approaching car because he (talk) to his friend. The friend wasn’t paying attention, either. He (eat) an ice-cream cone while he (cross) the street. When he (notice) the car, he (try) to push his friend out of the way, but it was too late.

Reporter: How is victim doing?

Officer: Well, when the ambulance (arrive), he (bleed) from a head wound, but the doctor stopped the bleeding and they think he’ll be OK.

Упр. 5. Задайте вопросы от лица полицейского, ведущего допрос подозреваемого. Используйте Past Continuous или Past Indefinite.

1. Police: (What / you/ do / Friday night? )

Suspect: I was visiting a friend.

2. Police: (Who / exactly / you visit? )

Suspect: My friend. I got to her house at 5: 30 and drove her to work.

3. Police: (She / work / at 7: 00? )

Suspect: Yes, she was working the late shift.

4. Police: (Anyone else/ work/ with her? )

Suspect: No. She was working alone.

5. Police: (What / you / do/ while / she / work? )

Suspect: I was reading the paper in her office.

6. Police: But there was a terrible blizzard Friday night. The lights went out.

(What / you / do /when / the lights go out? )

Suspect: I was still reading the paper.

7. Police: (what / you / do / when / the lights go out? )

Suspect: When the lights went out, we left the building.

8. Police: (Why/ you/ run / when/ the police/ see you? )

Suspect: We were running because we wanted to get out of the storm.

Упр. 6. Соедините предложения, используя Past Indefinite и Past Continuous.

1. The blizzard started. Mr. Ligo attended a party.

2. It began to snow. The electricity went out.

3. He drove home. He listened to his car radio.

4. He pulled over to the side of the road. The visibility got very bad.

5. He listened to the news. He heard about the burglary.

6. The police began the investigation. It snowed.

7. It stopped snowing. Mr. Ligo went to the police station.

Упр. 7. Переведите текст со словарем и выпишите слова юридической тематики.

The Magna Carta

Magna Carta (Latin, “Great Charter”), document sealed by King John of England on June 15, 1215, in which he made a series of promises to his subjects that he would govern England and deal with his vassals according to the customs of feudal law. Over the course of centuries, these promises have required governments in England (and in countries influenced by English tradition) to follow the law in dealing with their citizens.

The Magna Carta of 1215 contains 63 clauses. The first restates the charter that John issued in 1214, which had granted liberties to the Church. In many clauses John promises to be less harsh in enforcing his feudal rights on the barons, and another clause states that the barons must grant to their tenants all the feudal concessions that the king has made to them. Many clauses concern the legal system; in these John promises to provide good and fair justice in various ways. The last few clauses concern enforcement of the document.

The two most important clauses of Magna Carta are among the legal clauses. Clause 40 promises, “To no one will we sell, to no one will we deny or delay right or justice.” This clause establishes the principle of equal access to the courts for all citizens without exorbitant fees. In clause 39, the king promises, “No free man shall be taken or imprisoned or disseised or outlawed or exiled or in any way destroyed, nor will we go or send against him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.” This clause establishes that the king would follow legal procedure before he punished someone. Historians have debated at length the meaning in 1215 of “by lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land, ” and who exactly was covered by the term “free man.” By the later 14th century, however, statutes interpreting the Magna Carta equated “judgment of peers” with trial by jury (which did not exist in criminal cases in 1215). Other statutes rephrased “by the law of the land” as “by due process of law.” These later statutes also substituted “no one” or “no man of any sort or condition” for “no free man, ” which extended the protections of the clause to all the king’s subjects. These protections were cited in many founding documents of the American colonies and were incorporated into the Constitution of the United States.

By most accounts only clauses 39 and 40 of the Magna Carta remain valid law in England. Eventually, the other clauses became outmoded and some were repealed. Nonetheless, the Magna Carta remains a major document in the history of individual liberty. The document establishes the principle that no person, not even the king, is above the law. More specifically, this means that the government must follow its own laws in its dealings with its citizens, just as citizens must obey the law in their dealings with other citizens.

Упр. 8. Прочитайте текст и выпишите неизвестные вам слова:

" Let the Body Be Brought..."

In the Britain, United States and many other English-speaking countries, the law of Habeas Corpus guarantees that nobody can be held in prison without trial. Habeas Corpus became a law because of a wild party held in 1621 at the London home of a notoriously rowdy lady, Alice Robinson. When a constable appeared and asked her and her guests to quiet down, Mrs. Robinson allegedly swore at him so violently that he arrested her, and a local justice of the peace committed her to jail.

When she was finally brought to trial, Mrs. Robinson's story of her treatment in prison caused an outcry. She had been put on a punishment diet of bread and water, forced to sleep on the bare earth, stripped, and given 50 lashes. Such treatment was barbaric even by the harsh standards of the time; what made it worse was that Mrs. Robinson was pregnant.

Public anger was so great that she was acquitted, the constable who had arrested her without a warrant was himself sent to prison, and the justice of the peace was severely reprimanded. And the case, along with other similar cases, led to the passing of the Habeas Corpus Act in Britain in 1679. The law is still on the British statute books, and a version of it is used in the United States, where the law was regarded as such an important guarantee of liberty that Article 1 of the Constitution declares that " Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of rebellion or invasion".

Habeas Corpus is part of a Latin phrase - Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum - that means " Let the body be brought before the judge." In effect, a writ of Habeas Corpus is an order in the name of the people (or, in Britain, of the sovereign) to produce an imprisoned person in court at once.

Упр. 9. Соотнесите выделенные слова в тексте и их перевод в упражнении:

1. мировой судья

2. ордер на арест

3. варварское отношение

4. недовольство общественности

5. заключить в тюрьму

6. вызвать гневный протест

7. привести к принятию закона

8. получить строгий выговор

9. предстать перед судом

10. быть оправданным

11. судебный процесс, суд

Упр. 10. Соотнесите термин и его дефиницию:

1. trial

2. writ

3. statute

4. warrant

a) a written law of the country;

b) legal paper ordering someone to do/not to do something;

c) court case to judge a criminal;

d) written official paper permitting the police to arrest someone or to search someone’s dwelling.

Упр. 11. Задайте вопросы, для которых следующие утверждения были бы ответами:

1. The law of Habeas Corpus guarantees that nobody can be held in prison without trial.

2. Habeas Corpus became a law because of a wild party held in 1621 at the London home of one rowdy lady.

3. That lady’s name was Alice Robinson.

4. The officials in prison treated Mrs. Robinson cruelly.

5. Public anger was so great that she was acquitted.

6. The Habeas Corpus Act was passed in Britain in 1679.

7. The translation of that phrase from Latin means “ Let the body be brought before the judge”.

Упр. 12. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What case led to the passing of the Habeas Corpus Act?

2. When and where was it ratified?

3. What does the Act guarantee?

4. How do we translate the Latin phrase “Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum” into Russian?

Упр. 13. Переведите на английский язык, пользуясь словарем:

Хабеас Корпус

Этот акт давал право арестованному за совершение какого-либо уголовного преступления обратиться к Короне с прошением о выдаче приказа «Хабеас Корпус» начальнику тюрьмы. Получив этот приказ, начальник был обязан доставить арестованного к судье, который проверял обоснованность заключения обвиняемого под стражу. Хабеас Корпус Акт – это важнейшая гарантия гражданских прав и свобод в Англии. Согласно ему ни один свободный гражданин не может быть подвергнут аресту без достаточных на то оснований.

Вопросы для самоконтроля:

1. Как располагаются слова в словаре, если в них совпадают первые 2 буквы?

2. Что является признаком принадлежности слова к определенной части речи?

3. Что помогает определить, что данное слово является существительным? Глаголом? Наречием? Прилагательным?

4. Какой порядок слов в простом повествовательном предложении?

5. Какие категории слов могут иметь окончание –s? Как их отличить друг от друга?

6. Как переводятся на русский язык предложения с оборотом there is?

7. Что нужно сделать, чтобы предложение, содержащее оборот there is, превратить в вопрос?

8. Какое слово в цепочке существительных (the Institute lecture hall) является главным (опорным)? Какую функцию выполняют остальные существительные цепочки?

9. В чем разница в употреблении слов some и any? В чем отличие в употреблении many и much, few и little?

10. Какая характеристика действия заложена в каждой из 4-х групп времен в английском языке? На примере любого глагола назовите формулы 4-х групп времен.

11. Какое действие передает Present Indefinite и какое – Present Continuous? Что в значении этих двух времен общее и чем они отличаются по значению друг от друга?

12. Как образуется вопрос и отрицание в Present Indefinite?

13. Как образуется утвердительная форма Past Indefinite? Как образуется вопрос и отрицание?

14. Как образуется время Present Continuous?

15. Чем правильные глаголы отличаются от неправильных?

ЗАДАНИЕ НА I СЕМЕСТР

1. Знать ответы на все вопросы для самоконтроля (см. выше).

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