Упр. 7. Соотнесите формы глагола с их видовыми характеристиками.

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1. to be V-ing	a) констатация факта (Indefinite)
2. V-s, V	б) завершенность действия (Perfect)
3. to have been V-ing	в) процесс, незаконченность дейст-
4. to have V-ed (V₃)	вия (Continuous)
5. will V	г) действие, совершающееся уже в
6. V-ed	течение определенного периода времени (Perfect Continuous).

Упр. 8. Прочтите русские предложения. Определите, какая характеристика действия заложена в каждом из выделенных глаголов:

1) Я учу английский язык каждый день. 2) Я учу новые слова. Не мешай мне. 3) Я учил эти слова вчера. 4) Я выучил слова. Проверь меня. 5) Я буду учить слова завтра. 6) Я учил слова вчера, когда ты смотрел телевизор. 7) Я буду учить английский завтра в 6 часов вечера. 8) Вчера к 6 часам я уже выучил все слова. 9) Я надеюсь, что к 7 часам я их выучу. 10) Я изучаю английский уже 3 года. 11) Я учил слова уже час, когда пришла сестра. 12) На будущий год я буду изучать английский язык уже 5 лет.

Упр. 9. Пользуясь таблицей временных форм глагола, определите, какую видовую характеристику вы выбрали бы для перевода следующих предложений:

а) незаконченность (процесс)

б) завершенность (результат)

в) констатация факта (регулярность)

г) процесс + завершенность уже в течение определенного периода времени.

1) Я пишу

а) сейчас б) уже 20 минут в) каждый день.

2) Я написал сочинение

а) уже (на этой неделе) б) вчера в) вчера к 7 часам.

3) Я писал статью

а) вчера б) вчера, когда вы пришли в) вчера уже 3 часа, когда вы пришли.

4) Я напишу сочинение

а) завтра б) завтра к 7 часам.

5) Я буду писать сочинение

а) когда он придет б) уже час, когда ты придешь.

Упр. 10 а) Запишите номер предложения в соответствующую колонку таблицы, предварительно определив видо-временную характеристику глагола в предложении:

	Present	Past	Future
Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect-Continuous

1. Следователь допрашивал обвиняемого, когда вошел его помощник.2. Я думаю, к 12 часам следователь уже допросит обвиняемого. 3. Следователь обычно допрашивает обвиняемых в этом кабинете. 4. Не мешайте следователю, он допрашивает обвиняемого. 5. Следователь допрашивает обвиняемого уже 2 часа. 6. Следователь уже допросил обвиняемого. 7. Следователь допрашивал обвиняемого 3 часа назад. 8. Вчера к обеду следователь допросил всех свидетелей.9. Следователь допрашивал обвиняемого уже час, когда решил изменить тактику допроса. 10. Завтра следователь допросит всех свидетелей по этому делу. 11. Завтра в это время следователь будет занят, он будет допрашивать обвиняемого. 12. Через час следователь будет допрашивать осужденного уже в течение 5 часов.

б) Запишите формы, которые приобретет глагол to question в каждом предложении.

Упр. 11. Найдите сказуемое, определите его время и переведите, исходя из его характеристики:

1. No one knows why crime occurs. 2. Joseph Gall tried to establish relationship between skull structure and criminal proclivities. 3. Present-day criminologists are discussing the problem nowadays. 4. Some theorists have explained inclination to crime by single theory. 5. Criminologists had discarded theological theory by XVII century. 6. Modern criminologists have been discussing crime theories for centuries. 7. While some investigators were measuring skull and bodies of criminals to find a link to crime, others were arguing that criminality was an inherited trait. 8. Psychological theories all assume that criminal behaviour results from underlying psychological problems. 9. Sociological theories have attempted to explain criminal behaviour in terms of group rather than individual factors. 10. By the mid-eighteenth century, social reformers were beginning to suggest a more rational approach to crime and punishment. 11. Some investigators still hold that specific abnormalties of the brain and of the endocrine system contribute to a person’s inclination toward criminal activity. 12. Montesquieu attempted to relate criminal behaviour to natural, or physical environment. 13. Some criminologist had been investigating convicts’ mental state during 20^th century. 14. The experience of the United States since World War II has made evident that juvenile crime rate tends to rise. 15. American criminologist William Healy has indicated that about one-fourth of a typical convict population is psychotic, neurotic, or emotionally unstable.

Упр. 11. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

The Causes of Crime

(1) No one knows why crime occurs. The oldest theory, based on theology and ethics, as that criminals are perverse persons who deliberately commit crimes or who do so at the instigation of the devil or other evil spirits. Although this idea has been discarded by modern criminologists, it persists among uninformed people and provides the rationale for the harsh punishments still meted out to criminals in many parts of the world.

(2) Since the 18^th century, various scientific theories have been advanced to explain crime. One of the first efforts to explain crime on scientific, rather than theological, grounds was made at the end of the 18^th century by the German physician and anatomist Franz Joseph Gall, who tried to establish relationships between skull structure and criminal proclivities. This theory, popular during the 19^th century, is now discredited and has been abandoned. A more sophisticated theory – a biological one – was developed late in the 19^th century by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso, who asserted that crimes were committed by people who are born with certain recognizable hereditary physical traits. Lombroso’s theory was disproved early in the 20^th century be the British criminologist Charles Goring. Goring’s comparative study of jailed criminals and law-abiding persons established that so-called criminal types, with innate dispositions to crime, do not exist. Recent scientific studies have tended to confirm Goring’s findings. Some investigators still hold, however, that specific abnormalities of the brain and of the endocrine system contribute to a person’s inclination toward criminal activity.

(3) Another approach to an explanation of crime was initiated by the French political philosopher Montesquieu, who attempted to relate criminal behavior to natural or physical environment. His successors have gathered evidence tending to show that crimes against person, such as homicide, are relatively more numerous in warm climates, whereas crimes against property, such as theft, are more frequent in colder regions. Other studies seem to indicate that the incidence of crime declines in direct ratio to drops in barometric pressure, to increased humidity, and to higher temperature.

(4) Many prominent criminologists of the 19^th century, particularly those associated with the Socialist movement, attributed crime mainly to the influence of poverty. They pointed out that persons who are unable to provide adequately for themselves and their families through normal legal channels are frequently driven to theft, burglary, prostitution, and other offences. The incidence of crime especially tends to rise in times of widespread unemployment. Present-day criminologists take a broader an d deeper view; they place the blame for most crimes on the whole range of environmental conditions associated with poverty. The living conditions of the poor, particularly of those in slams, are characterized by overcrowding, lack of privacy, inadequate play space and recreational facilities, and poor sanitation. Such conditions engender feelings of deprivation and hopelessness and are conducive to crime as a means of escape. The feeling is encouraged by the example set by those who have escaped to what appears to be the better way of life made possible by crime.

Some theorists relate the incidence of crime to the general state of a culture, especially the impact of economic crises, wars, and revolutions and the general sense of insecurity and uprooted ness to which these forces give rise. As a society becomes more unsettled and its people more restless and fearful of the future, the crime rate tends to rise. This is particularly true of juvenile crime, as the experience of the United States since World War II has made evident.

(5) The final major group of theories are psychological and psychiatric. Studies by such 20^th century investigators as the American criminologist Bernard Glueck and the British psychiatrist William Healy have indicated that about one-fourth of a typical convict population is psychotic, neurotic, or emotionally unstable and another one-fourth is mentally deficient. These emotional and mental conditions do not automatically make people criminals, but do, it is believed, make them more prone to criminality. Recent studies of criminals have thrown further light on the kinds of emotional disturbances that may lead to criminal behavior.

Упр. 12. Соотнесите:

а) группы теорий и период их преобладания:

Climatic theories	@ 16-17^th century
Biological theories	@ 18-19^th century
Theological and ethical theories Sociological theories Psychological and psychiatric theories Multiple causation theories	@ 19^th century @ early 20^th century @ mid – 20^thcentury

b) группу теорий и их идею:

1. All criminals are perverse people.

2. Crimes depend on climate, humidity and temperature.

3. There are recognizable hereditary physical traits with innate dispositions to crime.

4. Crimes are related to the economic situation in the country.

5. Crimes are committed mostly by emotionally unstable and mentally deficient people.

6. Lots of factors (biological, psychological, cultural, economic) can be the causes of crime.

Упр.13. Закончите предложения:

1. Joseph Gall is ….

2. Cesare Lonbroso is ….

3. Charles Goring is ….

4. Montesquieu is ….

5. Bernard Glueck is ….

6. William Healy is ….

Упр. 14. Найдите в тексте перевод следующих слов и выражений и воспроизведите контекст, в котором они употреблялись в тексте:

1. Мошенничество. 2. Кража. 3. Убийство. 4. Кража со взломом. 5. Преступники и законопослушные граждане. 6. Преступное поведение. 7. Преступления против человека. 8. Преступления против собственности. 9. Совершать преступления умышленно. 10. Наследуемые черты. 11. Выдающиеся ученые-криминологи. 12. Уровень преступности. 13. Быть склонным к преступной деятельности. 14. Теория многообразия факторов.

Упр. 15. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What concepts formed the basis of the earliest criminological theories?

2. How did the biological theories develop?

3. What was Montesquieu's approach to causes of crime?

4. What views on crime predominated in the 19^th century?

5. How did criminological theories develop in the 20^th century?

6. What is the relationship between the mental and emotional state of a person and his or her inclinations to crime?

7. What are the latest views on the causes of crime?

Упр. 16. Переведите на английский язык:

Преступность и ее причины

Преступность и ее причины могут быть изучены на индивидуальном, групповом и социальном уровнях. Они имеют психологические, социологические и философские объяснения. Эти объяснения не противоречат друг другу, а дополняют одно другое, позволяя проанализировать причины преступности с различных сторон.

Существуют различные группы теорий, почему люди совершают преступления: теологическая, биологическая, климатическая, психолого-психиатрическая, социологическая, теория многообразия факторов.

UNIT 4

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