Употребление и способы перевода инфинитива

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Инфинитив употребляется в английском языке в целом ряде функций.

Инфинитив - подлежащее

To make mistakes is easy. It is easy to make mistakes.

Ошибки делать легко.

Инфинитив – дополнение

He asked us to help. We found it difficult to help him.

Он просил нас помочь. Нам было трудно помочь ему.

Инфинитив – часть сказуемого

The job of a judge is to decide questions of law. They must punish the offenders.

Работа судьи состоит в том, чтобы решать вопросы права (правосудия). Они должны наказать преступников.

Особое внимание нужно обратить на инфинитив-определение и инфинитив-обстоятельство.

Инфинитив в функции определения следует переводить придаточным определительным предложением, начиная его словом “который”.

При переводе предложения с инфинитивом в функции обстоятельства перед инфинитивом логично поставить слово “чтобы”.

Инфинитив-определение

Here is an example to be followed. The examples to be found in this paper are interesting. Can you give me some work to do.

Вот пример, которому нужно следовать. Примеры, которые содержатся (можно найти) в этой статье, интересны. Дайте мне какое-нибудь дело (работу), которую я мог бы выполнить.

Инфинитив-обстоятельство

He stopped for a minute to rest (in order to rest). We were too tired to discuss the matter. You are old enough to earn your own living.

Он остановился на минуту, чтобы отдохнуть. Мы слишком устали, чтобы обсуждать этот вопрос. Ты уже достаточно взрослый, чтобы самому зарабатывать на жизнь.

Упр. 7. Переведите, обращая внимание на различные функции инфинитива:

1. To qualify for jury service it is necessary to be a registered elector between the age of 18 and 65. 2. He wants to accept your offer. 4. The jury is ready to be helping the judge. 5. He is glad to be found ‘not guilty’. 6. The Emperor Justinian in Constantinople ordered to make a clear, systematic code of all the laws.. 7. The prosecutor is satisfied to have been working at this case with Mr.X. during the trial. 8. To protect the interests of the public and to punish and deter the criminal is the court’s duty. 9. This is the problem to be solved as soon as possible. 10. It is not the result of government attempts to codify every legal relation. 11. I need time to prepare. 12. There exist different methods to punish the offenders. 13. She was the last to speak at the meeting. 14. We were the first to ring him up and to tell the news. 15. I have something interesting to tell you. 16. There was nothing interesting in the court to attract our attention. 17. To clarify this matter one must work hard. 18. The “sources” of law are the sources to which the courts turn in order to determine what it is. 19. The function of the jury is to determine the facts, having heard the judge’s summing up and his directions on question of law.

Упр. 8. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные формы инфинитива.

1. The attorneys' decision to prosecute or not affects the wealth, freedom,
rights, and reputation of individuals and organisations in the district.

2. The solicitor is satisfied to be helping in preparing the case of theft.

3. The offender was very happy to have had the pleasure of making the
priest's acquaintance.

4. The attorney is satisfied to have been investigating this case with his assist
ants during the trial.

5. The barrister was glad to have been asked to train law students.

6. Mr White is delighted to be found " not guilty".

UNIT 3

The Participles Причастия

Participle I	V + ing: reading, doing
Participle II	V3/Ved: translated, done

В английском языке различают причастие первое (Participle I) и причастие второе (Participle II).

Вы уже встречались с ними, изучая времена английского глагола, где Participle I и Participle II являлись частью сказуемого и входили в состав времен: Participle I – в состав времен группы Continuous, а Participle II – в состав времен группы Perfect и форм пассивного залога.

He is reading now. – Он читает сейчас (Participle I).

They will have finished the work by 5 p.m. – Они закончат работу к 5 вечера; In all societies relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. – Отношения регулируются предписывающими законами (Participle II).

Кроме того, Participle I и Participle II могут быть в предложении определением и обстоятельством. Тогда Participle I переводится на русский язык действительным причастием с помощью суффиксов –ащ, -ящ, -ущ, -ющ или деепричастием (словом, отвечающим на вопрос что делая? в зависимости от его функции в предложении): reading – читающий, читая; doing – делающий, делая.

Participle II переводится на русский язык страдательным причастием с помощью суффиксов –анн, -енн: read [red] – прочитанный, читаемый; done – сделанный, делаемый; asked – заданный, задаваемый.

Упр. 1. а) Разделите причастия на 2 группы: I и II:

Speaking, seen, standing, asked, destroyed, written, shut, living, falling, interested, given, singing, repeated, sent, chosen, broken, eaten.

b) Образуйте причастие I и II:

To work, to walk, to give, to send, to arrest, to write, to read, to offer, to form, to go, to bring, to do, to approach, to take, to break, to forget, to grow, to know, to change, to plan.

Упр. 2. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Participle I:

1. The voting stations are open from 7 in the morning till 9 at night. 2. There are a few cases of a court refusing to grant a divorce at all because the couple in question was elderly and would never recover from the financial shock. 3. There is one practicing lawyer per 1200 people. 4. Entering the room, she turned on the light. 5. Coming to the court, she saw that the hearing had already begun. 6. Looking out of the window, he saw his friend coming to his office. 7. Hearing the verdict we stopped talking. 8. She went into the room, leaving the door open. 8. The judge is the presiding officer of the court. 9. There are also laws regulating transactions in the years before the legislation.

Упр. 3. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Participle II:

1. Alongside with professional judges there are unpaid judges. 2. When governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts backed by the power of the police to enforce these laws. 3. A defendant found guilty by the magistrates may appeal against the finding or against the punishment to the local Crown Court. 4. There are many kinds of unwritten agreement between people. 5. Common Law consists of principles and rules of conduct based on the ancient customs of the country and recognized by the Courts as Law. 6. Law is unwritten. 7. The House of Lords can not reflect bills passed by the House of Commons. 8. The most important models were the codes produced in the seventh century under the direction of the Roman Emperor Justinian Statute law consists of all laws passed by parliament.

Упр. 4. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Participle I и Participle II:

а) A word spoken in time may have very important results.

b) While speaking to Nick some days ago I forgot to ask him about his sister.

Упр. 5. Раскройте скобки, заменив инфинитив на правильную форму Participle I.

1. (to return) the verdict of the jury the judge delivered his judgement of

punishment.

2. (to concern) with assuring the uniformity of federal law, the function of

the Supreme Court is assuming larger and larger importance nowadays.

3. (to experience) a great increase in criminal activity of nearly every crime

Britain made the measures on preventing it tougher.

4. The defending counsel when he had his turn called new witnesses, (to include) the accused man himself.

5. Crime is one of the most (to disturb) elements of modern life in America.

6. (to settle) all controversies between states, the Court acts like the Inter-national Tribunal.

7. (to take into account) the mental condition of the offender the judge delayed the sitting till the medical examination.

8. (to control) by Central Government, the police are responsible for the maintenance of public order.

9. (to be) a well-known figure in public life, the American judge decided to be a candidate for Congress.

10. The main function of Parliament is to make laws (to regulate) the life of the country.

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