Программа, методические указания

Стр 1 из 19Следующая ⇒

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ

РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ

Технологический институт

Федерального государственного образовательного

учреждения высшего профессионального образования

“Южный федеральный университет”

ПРИОРИТЕТНЫЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОЕКТ “ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ”

КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ

ENGLISH

Программа, методические указания

и контрольные задания, грамматический справочник,

Тренировочные упражнения, тесты

для студентов ФБФО I-II курсов

всех специальностей

ТТИ ЮФУ

Таганрог 2007

УДК 81.2Англ-92

А647

CОСТАВИТЕЛИ: О.С.ТАРАСЕНКО, В.Т.ОЛЕХНОВИЧ,

О.И. ЖДАНЬКО, Л.В. БУРЕНКО

Под общей редакцией к.п.н., доцента кафедры ИЯ Г.А.Краснощековой.

ENGLISH. Программа, методические указания и контрольные задания, грамматический справочник, тренировочные упражнения, тесты для студентов ФБФО I–II курсов всех специальностей ТТИ ЮФУ.

-Тaганрог. Изд-во ТТИ ЮФУ, 2007.- 199 с.

Данное пособие предназначено для студентов I–II курсов всех специальностей ФБФО ТТИ ЮФУ для организации самостоятельной работы по ИЯ.

Рецензенты: О.Н.Черноморова, к.п.н., доцент кафедры ИЯ,

О.Г. Мельник, канд. филол. наук, доцент кафедры ИЯ.

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Настоящее учебное пособие по английскому языку предназначено для студентов I-II курсов всех специальностей ФБФО ТТИ ЮФУ и состоит из пяти разделов: программы, методических рекомендаций по организации самостоятельной работы студентов, контрольных заданий, грамматического справочника с тренировочными упражнениями, тестами с ключами, общими указаниями по методике перевода текстов.

Методические рекомендации помогут студенту-заочнику эффективно организовать самостоятельную работу по иностранному языку.

Грамматический справочник включает в себя теоретический материал в виде правил – инструкций, таблиц, с подробным объяснением грамматических явлений, их форм, с переводом на русский язык.

Целью тренировочных упражнений является иллюстрация анализируемых конструкций, детальное овладение материалом. Большинство упражнений выполняются по образцам. Даны ключи к упражнениям для самоконтроля.

Контрольные задания включают в себя текстовые и грамматические упражнения. Тексты, подобранные из американских и английских источников, сокращены и адаптированы.

Для самоподготовки к семестровым зачетным тестам предлагаются тренировочные тесты с ключами.

Пособие составлено с учетом современных требований обучению иностранному языку на ФБФО.

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

ПРОГРАММА.. 6

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ... 8

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ.. 8

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1. 9

Вариант A.. 9

Вариант B.. 13

Вариант C.. 18

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2. 22

Вариант A.. 22

Вариант B.. 27

Вариант C.. 32

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3. 36

Вариант A.. 36

Грамматика. 38

Вариант В.. 41

Вариант C.. 46

Грамматика. 48

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 4. 51

Вариант A.. 51

Вариант B.. 57

Вариант C.. 62

Понимание прочитанного. 65

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 5. 67

Вариант A.. 67

Вариант B.. 72

Лексика. 73

Вариант C.. 78

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 6. 83

Вариант A.. 83

Грамматика. 85

Вариант B.. 88

Лексика. 89

Вариант C.. 94

Лексика. 94

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 7. 99

Вариант A.. 99

Вариант B.. 100

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 8. 104

Вариант A.. 104

Вариант B.. 106

Вариант C.. 108

ОБЩИЕ УКАЗНИЯ ПО МЕТОДИКЕ ПЕРЕВОДА.. 111

ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК.. 125

УРОК 1. ПОРЯДОК СЛОВ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ.. 125

1.1 Порядок слов в повествовательном предложении. 125

УРОК 2. ИМЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ.. 127

2.1 Степени сравнения прилагательных. 127

2.2 Сравнительные конструкции с прилагательными. 130

УРОК 3. ГЛАГОЛ.. 130

3.1 Основные формы глагола. 131

3.2 Видовременные формы глагола. 131

3.3 Глагол to be. 133

3.4 Предложения с конструкцией there be. 134

3.5 Глагол to have. 135

3.6 Простые времена. Действительный залог. 137

3.7 Длительные времена. Действительный залог. 141

3.8 Времена группы Perfect. Действительный залог. 145

3.9 Страдательный залог. 150

3. 10 Модальные глаголы.. 151

УРОК 4. НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА.. 153

4.1 Функции неличных форм глагола и их перевод. 154

4.2 Инфинитивные обороты.. 156

4.3 Причастные обороты.. 157

4.4 Герундиальные обороты.. 158

4.5 Сравнение форм герундия и причастия I 158

СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ.. 159

ТЕСТЫ... 179

КЛЮЧИ К УПРАЖНЕНИЯМ... 188

КЛЮЧИ К ТЕСТАМ... 197

ПРОГРАММА

Практическое владение иностранными языками приобретает все большее значение для всех специалистов нашей страны, работающих в различных областях науки, культуры и техники.

Цель обучения. На ФБФО в неязыковых вузах практическое владение английским языком означает умение самостоятельно читать и переводить со словарем литературу по специальности, извлекать полезную для работы информацию.

Содержание программы. Для развития навыков чтения общенаучной литературы и литературы по специальности являются. 1) накопление словарного запаса; 2) овладение грамматическими формами и оборотами, необходимыми для понимания текста и перевода его с английского на русский.

А. Лексика английского языка. За полный курс обучения на базовом уровне ( 4 семестра), студент ФБФО должен овладеть лексическим минимумом – 900-1000 ЛЕ ( слов и словосочетаний ), научиться правильно и быстро работать со словарем, усвоить систему английского словообразования, научиться с помощью формальных признаков строевых слов определять, к какой части речи относятся одинаковые по написанию слова, например, to work - a work и т.п., запомнить наиболее употребительные сокращения слов, принятые в английских научных и технических текстах, терминалогию.

В. Грамматика английского языка. Для овладения навыками чтения общенаучной литературы на английском языке, а также перевода с английского языка на русский со словарем, студент в течение курса обучения должен изучить следующий грамматический материал.

I курс I семестр (зачет). спряжение глагола to be ( Present Simple, Past Simple, Future Simple, Active), оборот there be, глагол to have ( Simple Tenses ), порядок слов в английском предложении (утвердительном, вопросительном, отрицательном), степени сравнения прилагательных (Degrees of Comparison).

I курс II семестр (зачет). длительные времена, действительный залог (Progressive, Active), перфектные, действительный (Perfect, Active), страдательный залог (Passive Voice), модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs).

II курс III семестр (зачет). неличные формы глагола (The Non-Finite Forms of the Verb), инфинитив (The Infinitive), причастие I, II, (Participle I, II), герундий (The Gerund), функции неличные формы глагола в предложении и способы перевода на русский язык.

II курс IV семестр (экзамен). повторение изученного грамматического материала.

С. Учебные тексты и тексты для дополнительного чтения. За полный курс обучения студент должен изучить следующие виды учебной литературы.

1. Тексты контрольных заданий (8 контрольных работ).

2. Тексты для дополнительного чтения с заданиями (8 текстов).

Проверка дополнительного чтения проводится в форме теста или выборочного перевода во время экзаменационной сессии.

D.Требования на зачетах и экзаменах. Зачеты и экзамены по английскому языку проводятся в соответствии с учебным планом вуза.

Зачеты. К зачету допускаются студенты успешно выполнившие и защитившие контрольные работы. Зачетный тест проводится письменно на последнем занятии во время экзаменационной сессии. Зачетный тест состоит из четырех частей:

a) грамматика; б) понимание прочитанного текста; в) лексика по дополнительному чтению.

Экзамен. К экзамену допускаются студенты, сдавшие зачеты за I, II, III семестры. Итоговый контроль – экзамен включает в себя:

а) письменный перевод текста (объем текста. 600- 800 печатных знаков, время выполнения – 60 минут).

б) устный экзамен: чтение и перевод общенаучного текста (объем. 1000 п.ч, время подготовки – 45-50 минут)

Знания студентов оцениваются:

«отлично», «хорошо» - передача основного содержания текста на английском языке, умение задавать и отвечать на вопросы.

«удовлетворительно»- передача основного содержания текста на русском языке.

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

1. Выполнять письменные контрольные работы следует в отдельной тетради или на листах формата А – 4.

2. Каждое контрольное задание предлагается в 3 вариантах (А, В, С). Студент должен выполнить один из трех вариантов в соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра (зачетной книжки). 1, 2, 3 - вариант А; 4, 5, 6 – вариант В; 7, 8, 9, 0 – вариант С.

3. Контрольные работы должны быть написаны аккуратно, четким почерком. При выполнении контрольных работ оставляйте широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений, указаний рецензента.

4. Контрольные работы должны быть выполнены в той последовательности, в какой они даны преподавателем. Обязательно необходимо записать номер контрольной работы, ее вариант, условие задания и ответ.

5. К выполнению контрольной работы студенту следует приступить лишь после усвоения грамматических явлений, знание которых необходимо для правильного выполнения данной контрольной работы (эти грамматические явления перечислены в начале контрольной работы).

6. Выполнив контрольную работу, студент, прежде чем отправить ее на рецензию, должен проверить:

a) не пропущен ли целый раздел контрольной работы или какое-нибудь предложение в переводе и упражнениях;

b) точно ли сделан перевод текста с английского на русский язык и соблюдены при этом строй и стиль русской речи; нет ли бессмысленных, непонятных предложений;

c) нет ли орфографических ошибок или ошибок в текстах на английском или русском языках.

7. Выполненные контрольные работы направляйте для проверки и рецензирования в университет в установленные сроки, т.е. не позже, чем за две недели до начала экзаменационной сессии.

8. Если контрольные работы выполнены без соблюдения указаний или неполностью, они возвращаются студенту без проверки.

9. При получении проверенной контрольной работы, ознакомьтесь с замечаниями, проанализируйте отмеченные в работе ошибки, проработайте заново неусвоенный Вами учебный материал, сделайте работу над ошибками в конце данной контрольной работы.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1

Вариант A

Для выполнения данной контрольной работы рекомендуется найти по словарю значения заданных слов и словосочетаний, постараться их запомнить, а затем перейти к выполнению контрольной работы.

to get higher education, types of studying, entrance, competitive, applicant, teaching, tutorial, to attend, to miss, to last, subject, well-equipped, to take notes, to divide, term, to receive, stipend, scholarship, service, to offer, to define, fee, citizen, to present, free of charge, to provide.

Лексика

Грамматика

Для успешного выполнения заданий по грамматике необходимо проработать следующие темы. глаголы to be, to have и остальные глаголы в Present, Past, Future Simple (Active Voice), оборот there be, степени сравнения прилагательных, словообразование (суффиксы –tion, -er, -or, -ness, -ity, -ian, -ive, -ful, -less, -ly, -ic)

Понимание прочитанного

Прочитайте текст, вдумайтесь в его содержание, постарайтесь понять его, чтобы выполнить задания после текста.

1.	Students get higher education at the institutes and universities. There are more than 850 institutes and universities in Russia with three types of schooling. full-time, art-time or evening at correspondence.
2.	Entrance to the University or to the Institute is by competitive examinations which is open to anyone between the age of 17 to 35 who finished a secondary school.
3.	In summer beginning from the end of May up to the middle of August the applicants take the entrance examinations in different institutions. Those who passed the exams become the first year students.
4.	The complete course of studying lasts 5 years, but in some of them it may be a little longer or shorter.
5.	At the institutes and universities teaching takes the form of lectures, classes, seminars and tutorials. The students attend lectures on different
	subjects and take notes of them. They have practical work in laboratories and shops of the institutes. The laboratories are well-equipped with modern apparatus. There is also a library at each institute where the students can take the necessary literature.
6.	The academic year of the university or the institute is divided into 2 terms. The students take examinations at the end of each term or a year. On completion of studies the undergraduate presents a graduation thesis or passes final state examination, receives a specialty and begins to work in different branches of our industry or national economy.
7.	Russia has the most democratic system of education. any citizen can get a secondary or higher education. Most of schooling is free of charge and deserved students receive different types of scholarship.

Пояснения к тексту.

correspondence education (department) – заочное обучение (отделение)

competitive – конкурсный

to take an examination – держать экзамен

to pass an examination – сдать экзамен

free of charge – бесплатный

laboratories and shops – лаборатории и мастерские

a graduation thesis – дипломная работа

undergraduate – выпускник

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1

Вариант B

Лексика

Грамматика

Понимание прочитанного

Прочитайте и переведите текст, вдумайтесь в его содержание, пострайтесь понять его, чтобы выполнить задания после текста.

1.	TSURE (former Kalmykov Radio-Engineering Institute) was founded in 1952. First it was housed in one building in Chekhov Street. There were only three faculties and 29 departments with a lot of good specialists working at them. The Institute trained engineers in 11 specialities.
2.	Nowadays TSURE is a young, fast developing and highly specialized institution of higher education. It offers three types of studying. full-time, part-time or evening and correspondence.
3.	The University consists of 7 colleges. College of Radio Engineering, College of Automation and Computer Science, College of Electronics and Electronic Equipment Engineering, College of Economics, Management and Law, College of Natural Sciences, College of Information Security and College of Correspondence Education. The University offers a five year course of study. During the academic year the students attend lectures, and classes, do laboratory work. They take their tests and examinations at the end of each term. The numerous laboratories are equipped with modern apparatus, computers to provide a high level of education. The students make experiments and carry out the research work. The University has a scientific library with 930000 educational scientific textbooks, 5 reading rooms for studying.
4.	Since 1995 full-time students may receive Bachelor of Engineering Degree after 4 years of study. It usually takes 5 years to get a diploma in Engineering for full-time students and 6 years for evening or correspondence students.
5.	The University has 6 hostels, several buffets, cafes, student club where the students like to spend their free time. Most of the students are fond of sports. There are three gymnasiums with good sporting equipment and several sports grounds.
6.	TSURE is known as one of the leading Russian Universities in the following branches of science as Multiprocessor Computing Systems, Computer Networks, Microelectronics, Hydroacoustics and others.

Пояснения к тексту.

College of Radio Engineering – РТФ

College of Automation and Computer Science – ФАВТ

College of Electronics and Electronic Equipment Engineering – ФЭП

College of Economics, Management and Law – ФЭМП

College of Natural Sciences – ЕГФ

College of Information Security – ФИБ

College of Correspondence Education – ФБФО

classes – практические занятия

Bachelor of Engineering Degree – степень бакалавра

I. Есть ли в тексте ответы на поставленные вопросы (да / нет). Укажите номер абзаца.

1. How many buildings is the University housed now?

2. Where can the students take their textbooks?

3. When do the students take their tests and exams?

4. What may the students receive since 1995?

5. How do the students spend their free time?

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1

Вариант C

Лексика

Грамматика

Понимание прочитанного

1.	Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest and the most prestigious universities in Great Britain. They are often called collectively Oxbridge to denote an elitarian education. Only very rich and aristocratic families can afford to send their sons and daughters to these universities.
2.	A person studying for a degree at a British University is called an undergraduate, one who has taken a degree is called a graduate. The normal length of the first degree course is three years, after which the students take the Degree of Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of Science (BSc). Some courses such as languages or medicine may be one or two years longer. M.A. or M.Sc. denotes Master of Arts or Science, higher degree, usually confer after a year of postgraduate study. Oxford and Cambridge cling to their traditions such as the use of Latin at Degree ceremonies, their special academic dress is worn at the examinations.
3.	Oxford and Cambridge universities consist of number of colleges. Each college has its own name, its coat of arms. Each college is governed by a Master. Each college often teaching in a wide range of subjects. Within a college one will find a chapel, a dining hall, a library, rooms for undergraduates, fellows and the Master and also rooms for teaching purposes.
4.	Oxford is one of the oldest universities in Europe, dated back to 1213. there are 24 colleges for men, five for women and another five both for men and women members. Among the oldest colleges are University College, All Souls and Christ Church.
5.	Cambridge started during the 13^th century and grew until today. Now there are more than 30 colleges. Peter House is the oldest college, founded in 1284 and Robin College is the most recent, opened in 1977. Cambridge was only for men until 1871. In 1970s most colleges opened their doors to both men and women. Almost all colleges are now mixed.
6.	Many great men studied at Cambridge, among them Milton, the poet, Roger Bacon, the philosopher, Newton, the scientist, Kapitza, the famous Russian physicist, and others.
7.	The universities have over a hundred societies and clubs. Sport is a part of students’ life at Oxbridge. The most popular sports are rowing and punting.

Пояснения к тексту.

undergraduate – старшекурсник

graduate – выпускник

Degree of Bachelor of Arts (BA) – степень бакалавра гуманитарных наук

Degree of Master of Arts (MA) – степень магистра гуманитарных наук

postgraduate study – обучение в аспирантуре

Master of a college – глава колледжа

Fellow of a college – член совета колледжа

coats of arms – герб колледжа

rowing – гребля

punting – лодка

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2

Вариант A

Лексика

Грамматика

Понимание прочитанного

1.	Educational institutions in the United States reflect the nation’s basic values and ideals. The underlying principle of the American system of education is to educate people in such a way that everyone has the opportunity to develop his greatest potential. The American system tends to focus on teaching man and society to get along in the community.
2.	Another major purpose of education in America is to lay the groundwork for achieving success in life. Here it should be said that Americans value education largely as a means of reaching a higher standard of living. The belief is widespread in the US that the more schooling a person has, the more money he will earn on college graduation. Generally speaking, the expectation is that degrees in fields such as business and engineering will result in higher paying careers.
3.	Equality of opportunities is an important aspect of the American system of education. However, the goal of equal opportunity in education remains an ideal rather than reality. Furthermore, the very structure of education itself, which contains both public and private schools, may not encourage equality of opportunity. Tuition fees in private schools are relatively high so they educate primarily upper-class children. However, these private schools are few in number and they do not by any means displace the public schools which are truly the central educational institutions in the United States.
4.	There is still another factor which supports the idea of equal opportunity – competition in getting jobs or entering the best universities is held on a relatively equal basis irrespective of the type of the school, private or public, one has attended. Furthermore, a lot depends on the personal qualities of the individual school graduate. Some believe that private institutions of higher learning have higher graduation standards but this is debatable.
5.	All university students must pay tuition fees. In addition to tuition fees they have to pay for the books and room and board. Deserving students may receive scholarships of various types that offset the high costs of higher education.

Пояснения к тексту.

to get along – ладить, уживаться

the … the … - чем … тем …

rather than – а не

the very – тот самый, самый

both … and … - и … и …

room and board – квартира и стол; полный пансион

to offset – компенсировать

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2

Вариант B

Лексика

Грамматика

Понимание прочитанного

1.	A distinctive feature of an American University is its two levels. The first
	level is Undergraduate School of four years duration. Here the work of undergraduate students during the first two years usually consists of broadly based studies in humanities, social sciences, applied and natural sciences. The first two years at Undergraduate School are aimed at providing general education and preparing for more special studies. The last two years are devoted almost entirely to the major discipline.
2.	If all goes well, this undergraduate education culminates in a Bachelor’s degree. It’s usually known as the first degree and may be a terminal qualification. But it is often considered as a background for further specialization, a step toward higher (or advanced) degree.
3.	The advanced degrees (the Master’s degree and the Doctor of Philosophy) can be obtained in Graduate School, which is the second level of university education. There are two levels of graduate school. the lower for obtaining the Master’s degree and the upper level for the doctorate, which is a research degree. A graduate student works for two or three years, during which time he takes courses, passes exams, does some laboratory research under a competent professor, and on submitting a thesis is awarded a Master’s degree, though a thesis is not always required.
4.	A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree is basically a research degree awarded in recognition of achievement in research. If the graduate student is accepted into the PhD program, after obtaining a Master’s degree, he takes two or three years of advanced courses in his field of interest. During this time he passes exams and does research preparing for his thesis. His research usually culminates in a written dissertation which must demonstrate that the doctoral student has talent and ability for independent research. He comes before a panel of experts in his field and defends his thesis. These are professors from his university or sometimes other universities who question the candidate and finally decide whether he deserves the degree.

Пояснения к тексту.

Undergraduate school – бакалавриат

Graduate school – аспирантура

humanities – гуманитарные науки

social sciences – общественные науки

Bachelor’s degree – степень бакалавра

Master’s degree – степень магистра

advanced courses – курсы повышенного типа

panel – комиссия

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2

Вариант C

Лексика

Грамматика

Понимание прочитанного

1.	International Higher School (IHS) is the latest addition to the list of abbreviations of Russian universities and colleges. The study at IHS is connected with cooperation with foreign schools of higher learning. This partnership does not take the form of probation. A student of one of the ten IHS departments studies at once at two departments, doing some terms at home and others at similar departments abroad, and receives a diploma of an international standard.
2.	IHS operates on a contract basis. Contracts are signed both with teachers and students. IHS guarantees its students maintenance grants, accommodation and the possibility to work after classes. Though the work is not very complicated (record-keeping and business correspondence, for instance) it provides an additional earning and more practice in the foreign language.
3.	After a colloquium a student’s curator proposes, depending on what the student knows, an individual plan of studies and a schedule of its fulfillment. A compulsory subject is English (for foreigners - Russian) and another foreign language, for instance, Flemish, if Belgium is a partner country according to the student’s plan. Not only a secondary school leavers can enroll at IHS but also people with a higher school diploma who require not five or six but only two years to graduate from IHS. Not only Muscovites and students from partner countries can study at IHS departments (law, history, political science, management, music, the arts, linguistics, economics and ecology), but also young people from Russian provinces and CIS countries. The two demands common for all are, first, no politics and, second, no clarification of national relations. The school trains only professionals.
4.	IHS is one of the first non-state schools of higher learning in Russia. So far they have no experience and the attitude to them differs. Some people do not accept private higher schools with tuition paid for regarding them as far removed from democracy. Others welcome non-state higher schools precisely for their democratism, since it is not the selection committee but the entrant himself that decides where to study and who will teach him. One thing that is for sure is that there has appeared an alternative to state higher school.

Пояснения к тексту.

probation – стажировка

maintenance grant – стипендия

accommodation – местожительство

record-keeping – делопроизводство

Flemish – фламандский язык

CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) – СНГ (содружество независимых государств)

so far – пока что

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3

Вариант A

Лексика

Грамматика

Для успешного выполнения заданий по грамматике необходимо проработать следующие темы. времена группы Continuous Active и времена группы Perfect Active; словообразование (суффиксы –ent/ant, -ance/ence, -ment, -al)

Понимание прочитанного

Прежде чем читать текст, обратите внимание на пояснения к тексту. Прочитайте текст, вдумайтесь в его содержание, постарайтесь понять его, чтобы выполнить задания после текста.

1.	New Zealand belongs to a large island group called Polynesia. The country is situated on two main islands – the North Island and the South Island – and several dozens of smaller islands. Most of the smaller islands are hundreds of kilometers from the main ones. Wellington is the capital of New Zealand and Auckland is the largest city. English is the official language and is spoken throughout the country. Many native people speak their own language, Maori, in addition to English.
2.	The country once belonged to the British empire. Today it is an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations, an association of Britain and a member of its former colonies. The British Monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, is the monarch of New Zealand. She appoints a governor general to represent her, but he has little power. Britain gave New Zealand a constitution in 1852, when it was a British colony but through the years the New Zealand legislature has changed almost all its provisions. Today the nation has no written constitution.
3.	For many years, the economy of the country depended largely on agriculture. Today agriculture, manufacturing and service industries are all important to the economy. New Zealand’s economy depends on trade with many countries – Australia, Britain, Japan and United States.
4.	New Zealand has a high standard of living. The government’s medical program provides excellent health care. Almost in every New Zealand home there are refrigerators, washing machines, and other modern electrical appliances. But air conditioning and central heating are rare because the weather rarely becomes extremely hot or extremely cold. In summer people prefer to keep windows open. In winter, fireplaces or electric heaters keep the homes warm.
5.	About four fifths of New Zealand’s population live in urban areas but cities are uncrowded. Large cities have excellent restaurants, theatres, concert halls and other places of entertainment. City life tends to be rather quiet. However it is changing in larger cities where international tourism is developing rapidly. Nearly a fifth of people live in rural areas. Many farm families run their farms with little or no hired help.

Пояснения к тексту.

dozens – множество, масса

ones – употребляется во избежание повторения ранее упомянутого существительного

Commonwealth of Nations – Содружество Наций

provisions – юридические положения

Maori – маори (коренные жители Новой Зеландии)

run their farms – работают на своих фермах

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3

Вариант В

Лексика

Грамматика

Понимание прочитанного

1.	In 1920 the British Empire controlled a fifth of the world’s land surface. Today the Empire has developed into a voluntary association of 49 independent states. The voluntary association of nations began when Britain’s older colonies – Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa – became independent nations. Today Britain has only 15 “dependent territories”, which rely on Britain for their defence.
2.	The Queen is Head of the Commonwealth. She is also recognized as Head of State in 18 countries, including Canada and Australia. Although Britain maintains a strong influence in the Commonwealth, and the Queen takes a keen personal interest in Commonwealth matters, she has little real power. The modern Commonwealth included republics and other monarchies in addition to states headed by the Queen. In 1950 India became a republic while remaining within the Commonwealth. Since then most of Britain’s former depended territories have become independent and have remained within the Commonwealth. Among the exceptions are South Africa, which left in 1961, and Pakistan, which left in 1972.
3.	Britain joined the European Community in 1973, but its membership has not always been easy. There have been arguments over financial and agricultural policies, and for many people the way the Community operates remains a mystery. On the other hand, Britain’s poorer regions have benefited, receiving 24% of the Community’s regional and social funds in 1985, nearly half of Britain’s trade is with the rest of the Community.
4.	Over the last 200 years the idea of a tunnel under the sea between Britain and France has been put forward a number of times. In 1987 a new Anglo-French group was chosen to construct a system which would link the road and rail networks of Britain and France and improve communications and commercial links inside the European Community. The Channel Tunnel is costing nearly 5.000 million pounds. There are two rail tunnels and a service tunnel, each nearly 50 kilometres long. There is also a possibility that a separate road tunnel for cars and lorries will be built in the future.

Пояснения к тексту.

Commonwealth – Содружество Наций

European Community – Европейское сообщество

to benefit – извлекать пользу

regional and social funds – региональные и социальные фонды

Channel Tunnel – тоннель под Ла-Маншем

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3

Вариант C

Лексика

Грамматика

Понимание прочитанного

1.	Canada is a good example of the way people of different ways of life and different languages can live side by side under one government. The population of Canada has risen from 11.5 million in 1941 to 25 million in 1980. Most of the newcomers are from Europe, Asia and the USA, so that today less than 44% of Canada’s population is of British origin. Quebec Province is still 90% French. There are some groups of French Canadians in Ontario and Manitoba, but the numbers are quite small.
2.	All Canadian children have to learn both French and English at school, but Francophones and Anglophones do not enjoy learning each other’s language. Still, most Quebecois middle class families living in Montreal are bilingual – they speak English and French equally well. Montreal is Fran-
	cophone and the second biggest city in Canada. But there are a lot of Anglophone businessmen there, and they usually employ Anglophone workers.
3.	Until the Second World War, every Canadian province except Quebec was overwhelmingly British, both by blood and in feeling. Some Canadians were more patriotic than the British themselves. Now Canadians think of themselves as a people in their own right, not tied to either Britain or the USA. The USA has not been a threat to Canada for almost two hundred years.
4.	The Canadian government is more British in style than American, except that it is a federal government. The head of government is the Prime Minister, often called the “PM”, as in Britain. The Federal Government has a Senate and House of Commons and each province also has a House of Commons.
5.	Canada now belongs to the Commonwealth of Nations (nations which once belonged to the British Empire). Her ties with the mother country are not as strong as they were. It has a new flag which has two red bands at either end with a red maple leaf in the middle. The maple tree is the national tree of Canada. Queen Elizabeth II is still Queen of Canada. She is head of the government, as in Britain, but has a Governor-General to represent her. She is still quite popular among Anglophone Canadians, but she is more popular still in the USA!

Пояснения к тексту.

Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba – Квебек, Онтарио, Манитоба (провинции Канады)

Anglophone – англоязычный

Francophone – франкоязычный

Montreal – Монреаль (город в провинции Квебек)

House of Commons – палата общин

Commonwealth (of Nations) – Британское Содружество (наций)

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 4

Вариант A

Лексика

Грамматика

Для успешного выполнения заданий по грамматике необходимо проработать следующие темы. Passive Voice, Modal Verbs and Their Equivalents, словообразование (суффиксы –ly, -al, -ian, -ment, -cian, -able, -ist, -es, -ing)

Понимание прочитанного

Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727)

	Isaac Newton was born on Christmas Day, 1642, in the first year of the Great Rebellion. Many people regard him as the greatest man whom England has produced but we mostly know very little about him.
	As a boy we know that he interested himself in conjuring tricks. As a man he made his first reflecting telescope whose most important part is a concave mirror, not lens. For this purpose he had to experiment with various alloys, and to grind his own mirrors. Today all large astronomical telescopes rely on mirrors rather than lenses to concentrate the light from distant stars. As an experimenter he showed that white light could be split up into colours. He also worked on static electrification.
	Newton will always be remembered as a great technician and a very great experimental physicist. In addition he was one of the greatest mathematicians, perhaps the greatest who ever lived. At the age of 22 he invented what is now called the differential calculus, and at the age of 23 – the integral calculus. Both these branches of mathematics were essentially tools of his great project of producing a mechanical account of natural events which would allow of their exact prediction.
	The principles governing the flight of cannon balls were being worked out at this time. Newton showed that the Moon in its course round the Earth and other planets in their course round the Sun, obeyed the same laws. This was a very great mathematical achievement. He also discovered the laws governing the flow of heat and some fluids. How deeply Newton penetrated into the nature of matter, is shown by a simple fact. The moving stars do not obey Newton’s laws exactly. But their largest deviations from these laws are about one three hundredth part of the errors of measurement made by astronomers in Newton’s day.
	Newton was not only a scientist. He also was a politician. In 1687 King James II threatened the liberties of Cambridge University. Newton argued the case for the University and was elected by it to Parliament in 1689, as
	a supporter of the Revolution. He later became Warden and then Master of the Mint. These were key points as there was no paper money in those days, so the Mint was as important as the great banks are today. His knowledge of metallurgy was put in the service of the state. In 1703 Newton was elected President of the Royal Society, the highest body of scientific learning in England.
	In fact Newton took part in the progressive political movements of history. Like most great men, he was an all-rounded man. The idea that scientists should shut themselves away from everyday life did not appeal to him. He saw that science arises from, and ministers to, social needs, and he acted accordingly.

Пояснения к тексту.

Great Rebellion – “Великий мятеж” (неодобрительное название гражданской войны в Англии в XVII веке)

conjuring tricks – фокусы иллюзиониста

concave mirror – вогнутое зеркало

rather than – а не …

differential (integral) calculus – дифференциальное (интегральное) исчисление

Warden of the Mint – смотритель монетного двора

Royal Society – Королевское (научное) общество

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 4

Вариант B

Лексика

Грамматика

Для успешного выполнения заданий по грамматике необходимо проработать следующие темы. Passive Voice, Modal Verbs and their equivalents, словообразование (суффиксы –ly, -er/or, -tion, -ist, -ous, -able, -ic, -al, -less, -y, -ize)

Понимание прочитанного

Alfred Nobel (1833 - 1896)

1.	The first Nobel prizes were awarded in 1901 to carry out the final wishes of the Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel, who wanted to recognize people whose work conferred “the greatest benefit on mankind”. The annual awards in the sciences, literature and the promotion of the international peace are among the most prestigious in the world. Nobel’s interest in rewarding achievements in five fields was rooted in family tradition and his own life experience.
2.	Nobel was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833. His father, Immanuel Nobel, was an engineer and inventor. He designed steam engines and underwater mines. He also was a pioneer in arms manufacturing and had experimented with different techniques of blasting rocks.
3.	When Alfred was young the family had to move to Russia. There, Alfred and his brothers received a first-class education. By the age of 17, Alfred was fluent in five languages and had developed interests ranging from chemistry to English poetry. Soon after young Nobel was sent to Paris for more training in chemical engineering. This gave him the foundation for the work that would place him in history books.
4.	A meeting with Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero, who invented nitroglycerine, led to Nobel’s invention of dynamite. As nitroglycerine and its production were difficult to control Nobel tried adding silica to make a paste that could be shaped into rods and inserted into drilling holes. In 1867, he patented his material, calling it dynamite. As a man who discovered how to reduce costs for blasting rocks and drilling tunnels, Nobel became a very wealthy man.
5.	He died in Italy on December 10, 1896. In his will, he directed that his fortune be used for prizes in chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature and peacekeeping. The prize in economic sciences was established in 1968 to commemorate the Bank of Sweden’s 300^th anniversary. According to Nobel’s wishes the prizes in science and literature were to be awarded by a Swedish Committee, while the peace prize was to be given out by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. Each year, thousands of international experts and research institutes are invited to nominate candidates. Members of governments and the International Court of Justice at the Hague can make suggestions for the peace prize. The nominators are carefully investigated and a vote is taken.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 4

Вариант C

Лексика

Грамматика

12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Следующая ⇒