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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Заполните пропуски соответствующими формами глаголов “to be”, “to have” и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1 ____ English grammar difficult to learn? 2 ____ it important to know the meaning of some words in context? 3 ____ you interested in studying banking? 4 Does English ____ many financial and economic terms? 5 ____ there many tense forms in English? 6 ____ English got many endings? 7 ____ you got any information about the use of English in countries other than Great Britain? 8 ____ this town got many banks?
ЗАДАНИЕ №2
Сделайте следующие предложения вопросительными, а затем отрицательными. 1 He does his homework in the evening. 2 He goes to the university by bus every day except on Sundays. 3 Most of our students live far from the university. 4 They store information on computers. 5 He wants to start his own business. 6 We like to watch TV programmes about wild life.
ЗАДАНИЕ №3
Поставьте следующие предложения в страдательном залоге. 1 Scientists divide economic systems into groups. 2 They store information on computers. 3 Economists analyse and predict economic events. 4 The factory employs 150 workers. 5 She does sums at school with a pocket computer.
ЗАДАНИЕ №4 Образуйте на основе таблицы три утвердительных и три вопросительных предложения, обращая внимание на формы причастий прошедшего времени правильных и неправильных глаголов. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
ЗАДАНИЕ № 5 Переведите письменно следующие предложения с русского языка на английский, используя различные способы передачи будущего времени. 1. В соответствии с договоренностью группа экономистов из Великобритании посетит нашу область в декабре. 2. Я помогу вам с этой работой. 3. Я верну вам деньги в пятницу. Когда вы поедете в Москву? 5. Он собирается работать в банке после окончания университета. 6. В будущем году уровень инфляции будет 5-6%.
ЗАДАНИЕ № 6
Заполните пропуски в таблице правильных и неправильных глаголов по схеме ИНФИНИТИВ (базовая форма) - ПРОСТОЕ ПРОШЕДШЕЕ ВРЕМЯ (2-я форма) - ПРИЧАСТИЕ ПРОШЕДШЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ (3-я форма). При необходимости обращайтесь к словарю.
ЗАДАНИЕ № 7 Заполните пропуски соответствующими формами правильных и неправильных глаголов в круглых скобках (Simple Present, Simple Past), перепишите предложения и переведите их письменно на русский язык. 1 My father ____ for a computer company from 1988 to 1993 (work). Now he ____ in a television company (work). 2 He ____ a new car yesterday (buy). He and his wife ____ to go on holiday to Poland by car next summer (want). 3 They ____ a few months ago (get married). Now they ____ (be separated). 4 She ____ her boyfriend recently (leave). Now she ____ sorry for this hasty decision (feel). 5. My friend ____ his flight to Moscow last week (miss). He never ____ anywhere on time (arrive).
ЗАДАНИЕ № 8
Перепишите предложения, заменяя инфинитивы в скобках на глаголы-сказуемые в Simple Past или Present Perfect в действительном или страдательном залоге. Переведите письменно предложения на русский язык. 1 The American automobile designer and manufacturer Henry Ford (found) the company about one hundred years ago. 2 Last week the company (announce) a drop in profits. 3 How many jobs (have) you since you left school? 4 I (use) a photocopier to make six copies of the contract. 5 Profits in the second quarter (fall) by 50%. ЗАДАНИЕ № 9
Прочитайте и устно переведите текст The Subject Matter of Economics. Письменно переведите 1, 2, 5 и 6 абзацы текста. Обратите внимание на перевод отдельных слов и словосочетаний после текста. Дайте письменные ответы на вопросы к тексту. What is economics concerned with? Why do economists build economic models? What economic systems do you know? What is economics connected with?
The Subject Matter of Economics
No one comes to economics as a traveller to an unknown land. Much of our everyday experience is related to economics. Studying economics is directly connected with very important things that involve everyone, such as unemployment, inflation, wages, poverty, taxes, banks, foreign currencies. Economics is the science that deals with the production, distribution and consumption of wealth and with the various related problems of labour, finance, taxation etc. Economics is concerned with the economy or economic system. The economic system determines how the nation’s resources of land, labour, machinery and raw materials are allocated and used. The problem of allocating resources is a central theme of economics, because most resources are scarce. The allocation of scarce resources and the distribution of the product of those resources are a major part of the subject matter of economics. In Western economies many resources are allocated to whoever is willing and able to pay the most for them. The distribution is determined by the amounts of money paid as wages, rent and other forms of income. Economists use assumptions to build models, both for explanation and for prediction of economic events. They summarize conclusions on economic questions into economic principles. Western economists believe that all economic questions can be analysed by examining the decisions of individuals and the outcome of those decisions made by people as consumers or as managers of firms. The Marxist analysis of Western economies is based on the interrelations between social classes - workers and capitalists - whose interests and behaviour are regarded as uniform enough for a whole class to be seen as a single unit. The Communist system was based on an economic and social theory that called for a take-over of the state by the workers. Although Communist central planning did bring about strong economic growth in some countries - such as in the rapidly industrializing Soviet Union of the 1920s and 1930s - it often resulted in long-term inefficiency and economic stagnation. A country’s economic system is its way of organizing economic activities, including the ways in which people come to specialize in particular tasks they do best. There is a variety of economic systems, which can be divided into three groups: a) Market or decentralized economic systems in which economic decisions are taken by individuals. Free-market economists examine markets using a fundamental method of economics: supply and demand analysis. b) Planned or centralized economic systems, in which economic decisions are taken by government planners. c) Mixed economic systems, in which many economic activities are organized in a decentralized way, but in which the government takes some of the most important economic decisions. In practice, every economic system is mixed to some extent. Economics is connected with such sciences as psychology, history, law, political science, accounting, engineering, mathematics and statistics. 1... that involve everyone -... которые касаются каждого 2 economics is concerned with... - экономика имеет дело с... (занимается...) 3 by examining - путем изучения /изучая 4... are regarded as uniform -... рассматриваются как enough достаточно однородные 5... that called for a take-over -... которая предусматривала, что of the state by the workers рабочие возьмут на себя руководство государством 6 did bring about strong - действительно привело к значительному economic growth экономическому росту 7 supply and demand - спрос и предложение 8 in a decentralized way - децентрализовано 9 to some extent - до некоторой степени
ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ И ПЕРЕВОДА
TEXT 1 The English We Learn
There are many words in English. It is not easy to remember all of them. Learning English is sometimes easy and sometimes difficult for you. Much depends on your interest and responsiveness. Certainly, there are a few students in your group who know English rather well. Do your best1 to catch up with them2. English is one of the major languages in the world. There are many countries in which English is spoken. People use English as their mother tongue or as a second language for cultural and professional purposes. English has the largest vocabulary with approximately 800 000 words, including many thousands of terms and phrases in the world of economics, finance and credit, banking, management of money, marketing and business accounting.
It is important for a specialist to know a foreign language. This textbook aims to help students of economics understand English as it appears in various scientific publications and discussions. This book is concerned4 with the language for special purposes, a sort of restricted English which has restricted vocabulary and grammar. Better language skills depend on your ability to pay attention5 to structural differences between English and Russian, on your ability to sometimes guess the meaning of words in context.
1 to do one’s best - сделать все возможное 2 to catch up with somebody - нагонять/догонять кого-либо 3 by no means - ни в коем случае/никоим образом 4 to be concerned with - иметь дело с чем-либо/касаться чего-либо 5 to pay attention to - обращать внимание на..
TEXT 2 STATISTICS ON BRITONS When the 1st National Management Salary Survey was published in 1973, the average employee earned £ 2, 500 per annum, drove a Ford Cortina and lived in a house that cost just £ 10, 700. Benny Hill was the most popular TV entertainer and calculators and golfball typewriters were the last word in chic. In 1998, with the publication of the 25th survey, the average employee earned £ 15, 500, drove a Ford Fiesta and could buy a house for £ 68, 500. Soaps ruled on the box, with East Enders the most popular show, and a mobile phone and internet addresses were absolutely essential. A lot of Britons owned video recorders, CDs and labour saving devices such as dishwashers. Home life was very different in 1973. Only 49% of homes had a telephone – figure which went up to 93 per cent in 1998. Seventy four per cent had a washing machine (1998: 90%) and 30% had colour TV (1998: 97%). Looking at management pay, in 1973 the average manager earned £ 5, 000 a year – twice the average earnings – and the average director earned £ 11, 000 – more than four times the national average. In 1998, the average manager earned £ 36, 000, just over twice the national average, while the director’s average was £ 93, 787 a year, six times the national figure. In 1973, 56% of households ran a car, compared with more than 70 per cent twenty-five years later. The most popular car, the Ford Cortina, cost £ 1, 227. An equivalent model of the 1998 most popular car, the Ford Fiesta, cost just over £ 10, 000. The average house price in Britain in 1973 was £ 10, 700 - just over four times average earnings - in 1998 it was £ 68, 500 - nearly four and a half times average earnings. But the structure of society also changed. Twenty-five years ago half the households in Britain were made up of one or two people. The rest were in households of three or more. In 1998, 63 per cent of households were one or two persons and only 37% had three or more. The character and culture of the workforce changed significantly. In 1973, the labour force was made up of 63 per cent of men and 37 per cent of women. The number of women managers was negligible, comprising less than two per cent of the two million managers in the UK. Twenty-five years later, half the workforce were women and the proportion of women managers was approaching one in five (18 per cent).
TEXT 3 Microsoft Corporation Microsoft Corporation is the leading American computer software company. Microsoft develops and sells a wide variety of software products to businesses and consumers in more than 50 countries. The company’s Windows operating systems for personal computers are the most widely used operating systems in the world. Microsoft has its headquarters in Redmond, Washington. Microsoft’s other well-known products include Word, a word processor; Excel, a spreadsheet program; Access, a data base program; and PowerPoint, a program for making business presentations. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer allows users to browse the World Wide Web. Among the company’s other products are games, financial software, programming languages for software developers, input devices, such as keyboards, and computer-related books. Microsoft was founded in 1975 by William H. Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The pair had teamed up in high school in Seattle, Washington, where they were first introduced to computers and programming languages in 1968. In 1979 Microsoft relocated to the Seattle area, and in 1981 the company released the highly successful MS-DOS operating system, which rapidly became the standard operating system for personal computers. Under Gates’s leadership, Microsoft expanded rapidly in the 1980s and the 1990s, driven by the success of its applications software and operating systems. The company’s Windows operating systems, which employed a graphical user interface, became the most widely used operating systems for personal computers. As the company grew, the value of its stock boomed. In 1987, at age 31, Gates – who then owned about 40 percent of the company’s stock – became the youngest self-made billionaire in American history. By 1998, he had amassed a personal fortune in excess of $50 billion, making him the wealthiest individual in the world. At Microsoft, Paul Allen worked to develop some of the company’s most innovative and popular products, including Windows, Microsoft Word, and Microsoft Mouse. In 1982 Allen learned that he had Hodgkin’s disease, a form of cancer. The disease went into remission after radiation treatment, but the illness caused Allen to reevaluate his lifestyle. In 1983 he left his position at Microsoft, but remained on the company’s board of directors and retained a sizable percentage of the company’s stock. He spent much of the next two years traveling, reading and scuba diving. In 1985 Allen started Asymetrix Corporation, which makes software used in the creation of multimedia. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the value of Microsoft stock increased enormously, making Allen one of the world’s richest individuals. He has used his wealth to invest in a number of multimedia, telecommunications, and entertainment companies. Allen’s charitable foundations have donated millions of dollars to support educational institutions, cancer research, and cultural organizations. Microsoft Corporation now employs about 22, 230 people. Its annual revenues amount to $11, 358 million and profits rose to $3, 454 million. Microsoft Corporation ranks 145th among 500 biggest American companies sorted by revenue.
NOTES 1. software - the sets of programs that tell a computer how to do a particular job ( hardware = computer machinery and equipment) 2. spreadsheet program - a computer program that can show and calculate financial information 3. to team up - to join with someone in order to work on something 4. graphical user interface (GUI) - a way of showing and organizing information on a computer screen that it is easy to use and understand
5. to boom - to increase in value 6. in excess of … - more than a particular amount 7. to develop a product - to design or make a new product over a period of time 8. to retain (a percentage of the stock) - to keep or continue to have (a percentage of the stock) 9. charitable foundation - благотворительный фонд
Грамматический обзор 1 Настоящее продолженное время ( Present Progressive Tense) употребляется для обозначения действия, совершающегося в данный момент или отрезок времени, оно образуется по следующей формуле:
Прошедшее продолженное время ( Past Progressive Tense) образуется по формуле:
Это время глагола употребляется для обозначения: 1) действия, которое совершалось в определенный момент в прошлом:
2) действия, которое имело место во время другого действия:
The Present Perfect Progressive образуется по формуле:
Это время употребляется для обозначения: 1. действия, которое продолжалось до момента речи:
2. действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается в момент речи:
Глагольные времена Present Perfect Progressive и Present Perfect часто взаимозаменяемы:
John has been living in the same house for twenty years. = Популярное:
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English is one of those languages which for many seems easy in the beginning. It has very few endings, many nouns and verbs have the same form (for example, “ to take a swim” “ to swim in the river”). But English is by no means3 an easy language to learn. There is the problem of spelling and pronunciation, of the large number of exceptions to any rule, it is very idiomatic and prepositions are terrible. The tense system is also very complicated. Geographically, English is the most widespread language on Earth, second only to Chinese in the number of people who speak it.