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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Pay attention to the pronunciation the following words.
Pay special attention to the letters in bold. survey, profile, identify, buoyancy, process, substructure, source, hydrocarbons, feature, equation, ratio, determine.
READING Read the text “Exploration methods” and fulfill the exercises. Exploration Methods Visible surface features such as oil seeps, natural gas seeps, pockmarks (underwater craters caused by escaping gas) provide basic evidence of hydrocarbon generation (be it shallow or deep in the Earth). However, most exploration depends on highly sophisticated technology to detect and determine the extent of these deposits. Areas thought to contain hydrocarbons are initially subjected to a gravity survey or magnetic survey to detect large scale features of the subsurface geology. Features of interest (known as leads) are subjected to more detailed seismic surveys which work on the principle of the time it takes for reflected sound waves to travel through matter (rock) of varying densities and using the process of depth conversion to create a profile of the substructure. Finally, when a prospect has been identified and evaluated and passes the oil company's selection criteria, an exploration well is drilled in an attempt to conclusively determine the presence or absence of oil or gas. Oil exploration is an expensive, high-risk operation. Offshore and remote area exploration is generally only undertaken by very large corporations or national governments. Typical Shallow shelf oil wells (e.g. North sea) cost $10 - 30 Million, while deep water wells can cost up to $100 Million plus. Hundreds of smaller companies search for onshore hydrocarbon deposits worldwide, with some wells costing as little as $500, 000 USD.
Find English equivalents to the following Russian sentences. 1. Природные проявления нефти и газа указывают на образование углеводородов. 2. Сложная технология помогает обнаружить нефтяные и газовые месторождения и их протяжённость. 3. Первоначально районы возможного содержания углеводородов подвергаются гравиразведке и магнитной разведке. 4. Возможные ловушки подвергаются сейсморазведке, которая создаёт профиль подземной структуры. 5. Разведка нефти и газа – процесс, связанный с большим риском. 6. Чтобы перспективная площадь была результативной, нужны следующие характеристики: материнская порода, миграция, ловушка, покрышка, коллектор. 7. Скважины, имеющие промышленное значение, составляют 40% от всех недавно пробуренных скважин.
Answer the following questions. 1. What is the name of the activity that deals with the search for hydrocarbon deposits? 2. What is “petroleum geology’’? 3. Are there visible features that provide evidence of hydrocarbon generation? 4. Why do we need highly sophisticated technology in oil and gas exploration? 5. What exploration methods can you name? 6. Is the seismic survey different from the other two? 7. When is oil exploration well drilled? What for? 8. Can you prove that oil exploration is a high–risk operation? 9. What do smaller companies search for? 10. When does a prospect work? 11. What elements should be present for the prospect to work? 12. When do hydrocarbons form? 13. Why are hydrocarbons expelled from the source rock? 14. Could you name 3 density related mechanisms? 15. Why do hydrocarbons migrate upwards? 16. Are all hydrocarbons get trapped? 17. Where are they trapped? 18. Why do hydrocarbons staying in traps? 19. Characterize a reservoir rock.
6.Translate into English: 1. Соединение, которое содержит только углерод и водород называются углеводородами и являются основными составляющими нефти.
UNIT 2 HOW TO EXTRACT OIL 1. Study the following vocabulary before reading:
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Pronounce the following words. Pay attention to the stress. refinery, substance, reserve, commercial, quality, amount, technology, further, reservoir, sufficient, surface, desert, install, remote, angle, liquid.
READING Read the text “How to Extract Oil” and fulfill the exercises. How to Extract Oil Discovering new reserves of oil is only the beginning of the story. It's then the job of a new team of economists, scientists and engineers to decide whether - and how - to go into large-scale commercial production. Once oil or gas have been discovered, it has to be established how much is there, how much can be recovered, what its quality is and how the oil and gas can be transported safely to a refinery or terminal. In other words, is the find economically viable? If so, further wells will have to be drilled and production facilities established. The recovery factor - the amount of oil that can be economically extracted compared with the total amount estimated to be in the ground - varies widely. Twenty years ago a recovery factor of about 30 per cent was normal. Today the average is about 45 per cent. Improved technology is likely to increase this further. Crude oil is found in underground pockets or traps. Gas and water are generally found in the reservoir too - usually under pressure. This pressure is sometimes sufficient to force the oil to the surface of the well unaided and excess pressure may cause problems. In the early stages of production an oilfield may have freely flowing wells, but as oil is extracted the pressure decreases and pumping may become necessary. Alternatively, it may be possible to increase the pressure by injecting further gas or water into the edges of the reservoir. In other cases, the pressure is inadequate from the beginning and pumps at the bottom of wells have to be used. The fluid extracted from the well usually contains oil, gas and water. It has to be processed so that the crude oil and gas can be transported by pipeline or tanker. Crude oil is a natural substance whose composition varies. Even in the same oilfield, where oil is obtained from different depths, it can vary greatly in composition and appearance. It may be an almost colorless liquid or a sluggish, black substance, so heavy that it cannot be pumped at atmospheric temperatures. Generally, however, crude oils look rather like thin, brown treacle. There is no single solution to the problem of getting oil out. Production and transport methods will depend on where the oil is found, and in particular, whether it has been found under the land or under the sea. Obviously, it is a lot harder and more expensive to drill for oil beneath the sea than on land, which is one reason why the majority of the oil that we use is produced onshore. There are several different types of platform that can be used, depending on the conditions. Usually, the legs of the platform must extend at least 30 metres above the surface of the sea, keeping all equipment well clear of the largest waves. For smaller offshore discoveries it is not usually economic to install a platform. In some cases, floating or underwater production systems controlled remotely have been developed. Oil is generally produced in places far away from where it is used: in deserts, frozen wastes, jungles or far offshore. A pipeline hundreds of miles long or super-tanker - or both - may be the only way of getting the oil to the refinery where it will be turned into a useable product. Тo reach the edges of the reservoir, wells are commonly drilled at an angle. It is now possible drill vertically downwards and then outwards horizontally. This can save a great deal of money, as several wells can be drilled from a single, point and oil extracted from thin seams of rock. Популярное:
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